A mixture of two polymers, or one polymer and a salt, in an aqueous medium separates into two phases: this phenomenon is useful in biotechn- ogy for product separations. Separation of biological molecules and particles in these aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) was initiated over 40 years ago by P.-A. Albertsson, and later proved to be of immense utility in biochemical and cell biological research. A boost in the application of ATPS was seen when problems of separations in biotechnology processes were encountered. Its simplicity, biocompatibility, and amenability to easy scaleup operations...

The many thousands of human-made and other chemical compounds present in the environment offer a serious challenge to our btosphere. It is appropriate, therefore, that our response to these products of human kno- edge and ingenuity should draw on a body of mtenstve scientific endeavor that is no less impressive. Bioremediation offers the possibility of harnessing the diversity of the biosphere to degrade, remove, alter, or otherwise detoxify these various chemicals. It brings together scientists from a wide variety of disciplines and backgrounds, such as microbiology, molecular biology, a-...

In 1962 Clark and Lyons pioneered the concept of a biosensor. They p- posed immobilizing enzymes at electrochemical detectors to form enzyme el- trodes in order to expand the analyte range of ther base sensor. Smce then, the field of blosensors has greatly expanded. Some of the reasons for the expansion include both advances in signal transduction technologies and the incorporation of different biological sensing elements (Table 1). As a consequence, there are now a bewildering array of permutations of the biological sensing element and signal transducers that can be used to c- struct a...

Recombinant Proteins from Plants is one of the most exciting and fastest developing areas in biology. The latest molecular techniques are being applied to the exploitation of plants as novel expression systems for the p- duction and overproduction of heterologous and native proteins. Transgenic plant technology is currently used in three broad areas: the expression of - combinant proteins to improve crop quality by increasing disease/pest res- tance or increasing tolerance to stress, optimizing plant productivity and yield by the genetic manipulation of metabolic pathways, and the large-scale...

The frequency of reports concemmg the interface of biological reco- tion elements to signal transduction technologies has risen dramatically over the last decade. Because any one of a wide variety of biological recognition elements (e. g., antibodies, receptors, DNA, microorganisms, or enzymes) can theoretically be interfaced with any one of a wide variety of signal transducers (e. g., optical, electrochemical, thermal, or acoustic), the potential range of devices and techniques can be bewildering. The purpose of this volume and the previous volume in this series is to provide a basic...

Recombinant Proteins from Plants is one of the most exciting and fastest developing areas in biology. The latest molecular techniques are being applied to the exploitation of plants as novel expression systems for the p- duction and overproduction of heterologous and native proteins. Transgenic plant technology is currently used in three broad areas: the expression of - combinant proteins to improve crop quality by increasing disease/pest res- tance or increasing tolerance to stress, optimizing plant productivity and yield by the genetic manipulation of metabolic pathways, and the large-scale...

Over the last 15 years, there has been renewed interest in supercritical fluids owing to their unique properties and relatively low environmental impact. Greatest attention has been given to the extraction and separation of organic compounds. Supercritical fluids have also been successfully used for particle production, as reaction media, and for the destruction of toxic waste. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been the most widely used supercritical fluid, mainly because it is cheap, relatively nontoxic, and has convenient critical values. Supercritical fluids have also been used on...

In 1962 Clark and Lyons pioneered the concept of a biosensor. They p- posed immobilizing enzymes at electrochemical detectors to form "enzyme el- trodes" in order to expand the analyte range of ther base sensor. Smce then, the field of blosensors has greatly expanded. Some of the reasons for the expansion include both advances in signal transduction technologies and the incorporation of different biological sensing elements (Table 1). As a consequence, there are now a bewildering array of permutations of the biological sensing element and signal transducers that can be used to c- struct a...

The frequency of reports concemmg the interface of biological reco- tion elements to signal transduction technologies has risen dramatically over the last decade. Because any one of a wide variety of biological recognition elements (e. g., antibodies, receptors, DNA, microorganisms, or enzymes) can theoretically be interfaced with any one of a wide variety of signal transducers (e. g., optical, electrochemical, thermal, or acoustic), the potential range of devices and techniques can be bewildering. The purpose of this volume and the previous volume in this series is to provide a basic...

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