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From the pharmaceuticals advertised on television for various specific medical conditions; to alcohol, which is consumed regularly as a societal norm; to illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine; to marijuana, which is becoming legal in an increasing number of U.S. states, drugs are all around us and are ingrained in our culture. The difficult reality is that any drug is a substance that can be abused. Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook provides a detailed discussion of the history of substance abuse, covers the classification of drugs, explains how drugs...

During the First World War and back in uniform again he was first Chief of Staff to the South Persia Rifles, then onto St Petersburg at the height of the Revolution. Following his escape across Siberia and onto New York and then the Western Front, he joined the Persian Cossacks in their campaign against the Bolsheviks.

Back in the Survey and before retirement and politics in...

Genetic engineering has long been used to impart desirable characteristics to food plants in order to improve crop yield, pest resistance, and herbicide tolerance. Genetic modification of foods, however, has created a storm of controversy everywhere in the world--including the United States. What are the benefits of and risks involved with genetically modified organisms (GMO) and crops? What powerful industry pressures have extended the sale and use of GMO foods and crops globally? And how should consumer food products that involve GM ingredients be labeled? "GMO Food: A Reference...

The history of cloning experiments dates back more than a century, but advances in technology in recent decades have multiplied the potential applications of cloning--and expanded the controversies surrounding these possibilities. "Cloning: A Reference Handbook" provides an accessible description of the development of plant and animal cloning from the early stages of human civilization to the present day and coherently covers the science and technology involved. It reviews the essential controversies that have arisen about cloning--particularly applications involving human DNA--as...

"An excellent starting place for research on plastic and its environmental impact." – CHOICE

Plastic plays a vital role in today's world but has become increasingly problematic. This book discusses the history and evolution of plastic, its many uses, and the implications that it has on our health and environment.

Beginning with a history of plastic, from the first scientific discovery of the material to its diversity of forms and uses in the present day, this volume delves into the problems and controversies concerning plastic and microplastics, such...

While how much longer the world's supply of fossil fuels will last is debatable, it is a fact that the fossil fuels that we depend on so heavily today are non-renewable resources that will inevitably be exhausted--making the need to shift to alternative sources of energy such as solar extremely important. Solar Energy: A Reference Handbook presents encyclopedic coverage of the social, political, economic, and environmental issues associated with the development and use of solar energy in the United States and around the world.

This book provides an in-depth description...

Fire Few subjects are as fundamental to both nature and human civilization. This reference breaks new ground by going beyond a discussion of the scientific and technical aspects of fire to show how human societies in all parts of the world throughout history have incorporated images of fire into their philosophies, mythologies, religions, music, art, and other areas of human thought and action. Entries cover fire-related theories and concepts, cultural issues and allusions, industrial and military applications, political and social issues, as well as people, events, and organizations....

The controversial relationship between violent behavior in American society and violent acts portrayed in the media--motion pictures, television, pop music, and video games--forms the subject of this reference work.

Violence and the Media provides a section on legal data, opinions, and documents, and provides a close-up look at the legislative issues surrounding violence and the media. It is a vital resource for high school and college students, legislators, and concerned laypersons.

Waste management poses a daunting global challenge. This resource provides an in-depth look at the waste management industry in the USA and elsewhere.

The book begins with an introduction to waste disposal and management through history, from early civilizations and the Middle Ages through to the present. Readers will better understand current problems, controversies, and solutions relating to waste management, including the exportation of hazardous wastes, electronic wastes, agricultural waste, and environmental justice.

A series of perspective essays cover...

GMO Food: A Reference Handbook offers an in-depth discussion of genetically modified food. It covers the history of, opposition to, regulation of, and labeling of genetic modifications, along with the potential benefits and harm involved.

This reference handbook is a research guide for young adults in high school and beyond. Students can use the book as an introduction to the history of genetic engineering of organisms and the use of this technology for the development of new forms of crops and foods.

This resource outlines historic methods of plant and...