"Kind of crude, but it works, boy, it works!" AZan NeweZZ to Herb Simon, Christmas 1955 In 1954 a computer program produced what appears to be the first computer generated mathematical proof: Written by M. Davis at the Institute of Advanced Studies, USA, it proved a number theoretic theorem in Presburger Arithmetic. Christmas 1955 heralded a computer program which generated the first proofs of some propositions of Principia Mathematica, developed by A. Newell, J. Shaw, and H. Simon at RAND Corporation, USA. In Sweden, H. Prawitz, D. Prawitz, and N. Voghera produced the first general program...

Augmented Transition Network Grammars are at present the most widely used method for analyzing natural languages. Despite the increasing po pularity of this method, however, no extensive papers on ATN-Grammars have been presented which would be accessible to a larger number of per sons engaged in the problem from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Augmented Transition Networks (ATN) are derived from state automata. Like a finite state automaton, an ATN consists of a collection of la beled states and arcs, a distinguished start state and a set of distin guished final states....

This book contains the reports of selected projects involving natural language commu nication with pictorial information systems. More than just a record of research results, however, it presents concrete applications to the solution of a wide variety of problems. The authors are all prominent figures in the field whose authoritative contributions help ensure its continued expansion in both size and significance. Y. C. Lee and K S. Fu (Purdue University, USA) survey picture query languages which form an interface between the pictorial database system and the user and support infor mation...

In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a significant area of research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science. At present, research in the field is being intensified from both the point of view of theory and of implementation, and the results are being introduced in practice. Machine learning has recently become the subject of interest of many young and talented scientists whose bold ideas have greatly contributed to the broadening of knowledge in this rapidly developing field of science. This situation has manifested itself in an increasing number of valuable contributions...

Previous works on industrial robots dealt with "programming" and "programming languages" only in passing; no comparison was made between characteristics of the individual programming lan guages. This book, therefore, gives a detailed account of industrial robot programming and its environment. Mter introducing basic concepts special attention is paid to the language constructs relevant to robot programming. The features of various elements of the languages ex amined are compared. The languages are based on the following concepts: SRL - high-level programming language based on AL with PASCAL...

Up to now there has been no scientific publication on natural lan guage research that presents a broad and complex description of the current problems of parsing in the context of Artificial Intelli gence. However, there are many interesting results from this domain appearing mainly in numerous articles published in pro fessional journals. In view of this situation, the objective of this book is to enable scientists from different countries to present the results of their research on natural language parsing in the form of more detailed papers than would be possible in professional jour nals....

User models have recently attracted much research interest in the field of artificial intelligence dialog systems. It has become evident that flexible user-oriented dialog behavior of such systems can be achieved only if the system has access to a model of the user containing assumptions about his/her background knowledge as well as his/her goals and plans in consulting the system. Research in the field of user models investigates how such assumptions can be automatically created, represented and exploited by the system in the course of an "on-line" interaction with the user. The...

The purpose of the Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Techniques is to promote interaction between members of the AI community. It does this by announcing the existence of AI techniques, and acting as a pointer into the literature. Thus the AI community will have access to a common, extensional definition of the field, which will promote a common terminology, discourage the reinvention of wheels, and act as a clearing house for ideas and algorithms. The catalogue is a reference work providing a quick guide to the AI techniques available for different jobs. It is not intended to be a...

Making a diagnosis when something goes wrong with a natural or m- made system can be difficult. In many fields, such as medicine or electr- ics, a long training period and apprenticeship are required to become a skilled diagnostician. During this time a novice diagnostician is asked to assimilate a large amount of knowledge about the class of systems to be diagnosed. In contrast, the novice is not really taught how to reason with this knowledge in arriving at a conclusion or a diagnosis, except perhaps implicitly through ease examples. This would seem to indicate that many of the essential...

Knowledge representation is perhaps the most central problem confronting artificial intelligence. Expert systems need knowledge of their domain of expertise in order to function properly. Computer vlslOn systems need to know characteristics of what they are seeing in order to be able to fully interpret scenes. Natural language systems are invaluably aided by knowledge of the subject of the natural language discourse and knowledge of the participants in the discourse. Knowledge can guide learning systems towards better understanding and can aid problem solving systems in creating plans to...