Solder joints are ubiquitous in electronic consumer products. The European Union has a directive to ban the use of Pb-based solders in these products on July 1st, 2006. There is an urgent need for an increase in the research and development of Pb-free solders in electronic manufacturing. For example, spontaneous Sn whisker growth and electromigration induced failure in solder joints are serious issues. These reliability issues are quite complicated due to the combined effect of electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal forces on solder joints. To improve solder joint...
Solder joints are ubiquitous in electronic consumer products. The European Union has a directive to ban the use of Pb-based solders in these produc...
"As a general principle natural selection is continually trying to economise every part of the organisation. " That was Charles Darwin, writing over 100 years ago about e- ciency innature. Naturalmaterialsareremarkably ef?cient. Byef?cient wemeanthat they ful?l the complex requirements posed by the way plants and animals function, and that they do so using as little material as possible. Many of these requirements are mechanical in nature: the need to support static and dynamic loads created by the mass of the organism or by wind loading, the need to store and release elastic energy, the need...
"As a general principle natural selection is continually trying to economise every part of the organisation. " That was Charles Darwin, writing over 1...
Up-to-date introduction to the field with the focus on the critical areas of novel thin films such as sol gel synthesis of membrane, ferroelectric thin films and devices, functional nanostructured thin films, micromechanical analysis of fiber-reinforced composites, and novel applications. An important aspect of the book lies in its wide coverage of practical applications.
Up-to-date introduction to the field with the focus on the critical areas of novel thin films such as sol gel synthesis of membrane, ferroelectric ...
This monograph is the ?rst systematic presentation of the theoretical fun- mentals of the physics of porous structures and it is intended for basic fa- liarization with the subject. That is why we tried to avoid, where possible, excessive mathematics and to pay as much attention to the visual presen- tion of the general physical picture of various phenomena as possible. Even in those cases where there is an accurate mathematical theory we avoid ri- rous mathematical proofs, assuming that the reader is acquainted with the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and statistical physics and in...
This monograph is the ?rst systematic presentation of the theoretical fun- mentals of the physics of porous structures and it is intended for basic fa...
The present volume describes and explains the fundamentals of organic/plastic solar cells in a manner accessible to both researchers and students. It provides an up-to-date and comprehensive account of these materials and corresponding devices, which will play a key role in future solar energy systems.
The present volume describes and explains the fundamentals of organic/plastic solar cells in a manner accessible to both researchers and students. ...
Metal hydrides are of inestimable importance for the future of hydrogen energy. This unique monograph presents a clear and comprehensive description of the bulk properties of the metal-hydrogen system. The statistical thermodynamics is treated over a very wide range of pressure, temperature and composition. Another prominent feature of the book is its elucidation of the quantum mechanical behavior of interstitial hydrogen atoms, including their states and motion. The important topic of hydrogen interaction with lattice defects and its materials-science implications are also discussed...
Metal hydrides are of inestimable importance for the future of hydrogen energy. This unique monograph presents a clear and comprehensive descriptio...
Presented in two parts, this first comprehensive overview addresses all aspects of energetic ion irradiation of polymers. Earlier publications and review articles concentrated on selected topics only. And the need for such a work has grown with the dramatic increase of research and applications, such as in photoresists, waveguides, and medical dosimetry, during the last decade.
The first part, Fundamentals of Ion Irradiation of Polymers covers the physical, chemical and instrumental fundamentals; treats the specific irradiation mechanisms of low- and...
Presented in two parts, this first comprehensive overview addresses all aspects of energetic ion irradiation of polymers. Earlier publications and ...
Highly dispersed nanoscale particles in polymer matrices are currently attracting great interest in many fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science. This book presents and analyzes the essential data on nanoscale metal clusters dispersed in, or chemically bonded with polymers. Special attention is paid to the in situ synthesis of the nanocomposites, their chemical interactions, and the size and distribution of the particles in the polymer matrix. Numerous novel nanocomposites are described with regard to their mechanical, electrophysical, optical, magnetic, catalytic, and...
Highly dispersed nanoscale particles in polymer matrices are currently attracting great interest in many fields of chemistry, physics, and material...
The introduction of impurities, even in very small concentrations, in a semiconductor can change its optical and electrical properties entirely. This attribute of the semiconductor is utilized in the manifoldness of their applications. In this book, the progress on elucidating the physical properties of impurities confined in quantum structures are reviewed with an emphasis on the experimental aspects. The major results of various kinds of characterization, such as infrared spectroscopy, Raman measurements, luminescence characterization, perturbation spectroscopy and dynamical studies of the...
The introduction of impurities, even in very small concentrations, in a semiconductor can change its optical and electrical properties entirely. This ...
Magnetism and Structure in Functional Materials addresses three distinct but related topics: (i) magnetoelastic materials such as magnetic martensites and magnetic shape memory alloys, (ii) the magnetocaloric effect related to magnetostructural transitions, and (iii) colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and related manganites. The goal is to identify common underlying principles in these classes of materials that are relevant for optimizing various functionalities. The emergence of apparently different magnetic/structural phenomena in disparate classes of materials clearly...
Magnetism and Structure in Functional Materials addresses three distinct but related topics: (i) magnetoelastic materials such as ...
