This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute entitled "Characterization of Crystal Growth Defects by X-ray Methods' held in the University of Durham, England from 29th August to 10th September 1979. The current interest in electronic materials, in particular silicon, gallium aluminium arsenide, and quartz, and the recent availability of synchrotron radiation for X-ray diffraction studies made this Advanced Study Institute particularly timely. Two main themes ran through the course: 1. A survey of the various types of defect occurring in crystal growth, the mechanism...

From September 19-29, a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Non- destructive Evaluation of Semiconductor Materials and Devices was held at the Villa Tuscolano in Frascati, Italy. A total of 80 attendees and lecturers participated in the program which covered many of the important topics in this field. The subject matter was divided to emphasize the following different types of problems: electrical measurements; acoustic measurements; scanning techniques; optical methods; backscatter methods; x-ray observations; accele- rated life tests. It would be difficult to give a full discussion of such an...

Theoretical and experimental work on solids with low-dimensi- onal cooperative phenomena has been rather explosively expanded in the last few years, and it seems to be quite fashionable to con- tribute to this field, especially to the problem of one-dimensional metals. On the whole, one could divide the huge amount of recent investigations into two parts although there is much overlap bet- ween these regimes, namely investigations on magnetic exchange interactions constrained to mainly one or two dimensions and, secondly, work done on Id metallic solids or linear chain compounds with Id...

The problem of moment formation in metallic systems lies at the interface of localized and itinerant magnetism. The phenomena observed correspond to destruction rather than to formation of spin-correlations. They give rise to the progression from local- ized ground states through Kondo and mixed-valence behaviour to itinerant magnetic or non-magnetic systems. Somewhere in the pro- gression superconductivity can occur in the presence of f-moments. To bring together the disparate ideas and methods, previously the subject of intense debate only at a number of topical confer- ences, a two-week...

The field of single charge tunneling comprises of phenomena where the tunneling of a microscopic charge, usually carried by an electron or a Cooper pair, leads to macro- scopically observable effects. The first conference entirely devoted to this new field was the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Single Charge Tunneling held in Les Hauches, France, March 5-15, 1991. This book contains a series of tutorial articles based on lectures presented at the meeting. It was intended to provide both an introduction for nonexperts and a valuable reference summarizing the state of the art of single charge...

This volume is prepared from lecture notes for the course "Intercalation in Layered Materials" which was held at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture at Erice, Sicily in July, 1986, as part of the International School of Materials Science and Tech- nology. The course itself consisted of formal tutorial lectures, workshops, and informal discussions. Lecture notes were prepared for the formal lectures, and short summaries of many of the workshop presentations were prepared. This volume is based on these lecture notes and research summaries. The material is addressed to advanced...

This volume contains the lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Physics of New Laser Sources," the twelfth course of the Europhysics School of Quantum Electronics, held under the supervision of the Quantum Electronics Division of the European Physical Society. The Institute was held at Centro "I Cappuccini" San Miniato, Tuscany, July 11-21, 1984. The Europhysics School of Quantum Electronics was started in 1970 with the aim of providing instruction for young researchers and advanced students already engaged in the area of quantum electronics or for those...

In his treatment of activity measurement in the fields of medicine and psychology, Tryon gives us a book that clearly accomplishes the three purposes set out in its preface. The reader is definitely encouraged to wrestle with the concepts ofbehavior and activity in terms of "dynamic physical quantities." Moreover, the reader cannot help but become familiarized with the technology available for performing activity measurements. Motivation to use some of this technology is enhanced by the very extensive summary of other people's uses of it provided throughout the book. Readers may find the book...

Conjugated polymers suoh as polyaoetylene (CH)x polyphenylene (C6H4)x' poly thiophene (C4H2S)x' etc., which are insulators in their pristine state, can be brought to the metallic state after "doping" with ohemioal speoies whioh oan be either eleotron donors or I aoceptors. . This doping prooess involves a oharge transfer between the dopant moleoule and the polymer ohain whioh are then supposed to be spatially olose to each other. It follows that the meohanism of doping must be oonsidered as an aotual interoalation process, which will greatly affeot the struotural oharacteristios of the...

Nonlinear dynamical systems play an important role in a number of disciplines. The physical, biological, economic and even sociological worlds are comprised of com- plex nonlinear systems that cannot be broken down into the behavior of their con- stituents and then reassembled to form the whole. The lack of a superposition principle in such systems has challenged researchers to use a variety of analytic and numerical methods in attempts to understand the interesting nonlinear interactions that occur in the World around us. General relativity is a nonlinear dynamical theory par excellence....