The prime purpose of this paper is to look at the region of brain which many authors call 'paleocortex' and to ask how much of the area it embraces can be described properly as cortex. Before this can be considered it is necessary to have some idea of what constitutes a cortex. Therefore, in the first part of the paper the criteria used in constructing classifications of cortex are looked into. Also considered is the meaning of classifications such as 'paleocortex'. Is it relevant to define cortex in this way? How does this view correlate with a functional approach? The second purpose of this...

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AI CA) is one of the major branches of the basilar artery and supplies part of the pons, the upper medulla, and the cerebellar hemisphere. The artery can be visualized by means of vertebral angiography. This technique of examination was carried out for the first time in 1933 by Moniz and co-workers (Moniz and Alves 1933, Moniz et al. 1933). During the decades that followed, angiographic techniques improved considera- bly, with the result that more details of the angioarchitecture of the posterior cranial fossa could be demonstrated. Satisfactory...

With the introduction of modern neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques (e. g. , Heimer and RoBards 1981; Mesulam 1982) and immunohistochemical methods (e. g. , Cuello 1983) powerful tools to study the circuitry of the central nervous system in vertebrates became available. These techniques have also been widely applied in "lower" vertebrates. A major task of comparative neurobiology is to sample the variations that exist in the brains of living taxa and to recognize common morphological patterns and their adaptive significance (Northcutt 1978, 1981). Reptiles, with their great variation in...

Sleep is a necessary, active, diverse and periodic condition, homeostatically regulated and precisely meshed with waking time into the sleep-wakefulness cycle. The authors present a detailed and updated review of the structures involved in the phase of wakefulness, including their morphological, functional and chemical characteristics, as well as their anatomical connections

This volume provides an interdisciplinary approach to this central research topic. Firstly, the hippocampus is presented generally as a model for experiments on neurotransmission in the central nervous system; secondly, special features of synaptic organisation and synaptic transmission in this area of the brain are introduced. Of particular note is the wide-ranging methodological approach which includes light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, Golgi/EM techniques, intracellular differentiation and intracellular colorings, histochemistry of transmitter enzymes and...

The monograph introduces innate immunity as second authority in the ovary besides the endocrine system. Innate immunity appears to orchestrate follicular atresia, follicle rupture, follicle transformation into a corpus luteum (CL) and CL regression through nonsterile inflammation and tissue repair. The concept is new. It centres on cytokeratin-positive (CK+) cells being recognized as a potential nonlymphoid dendritic cell type (DC). Part I describes morphological aspects of immune privilege starting with areactive hamster ovary implants into the chicken chorioallantois membrane. Follicular...

Die Eizelle der Siiugetiere und des Menschen enthiilt eine Vielzahl von Struk turen, die durch die hohere Auflosung der Elektronenmikroskopie neu erschlossen oder genauer definiert werden konnten. Neben den geliiufigen, auch in vegetativen Zellen vorkommenden Organellen, finden sich speziell auf die Besonderheiten der Keimzelle abgestimmte Einschlusse. Form und Anordnung der Zellorganellen werden im Ablauf der Eireifung und fruhen Keimentwicklung stiindig veriindert. Da die Funktion der Zellorgane an bestimmte Muster und Kombinationen ge bunden ist, sind aus der Ordnung der Zellstrukturen...