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Invertase ( -D (fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) is one of the important commercial enzymes used in food industry. It catalyses the reaction of detachment of the terminal non-reducing -D-fructofuranoside residue in -D-fructofuranosides. A wide range of microorganisms produce Invertase and can, thus, utilize sucrose as the only carbon source and as inducer of such enzyme. Food processing industry produces an enormous amount of carbohydrate wastes, which pose increasing disposal costs and environmental challenges. Beside their pollution and hazardous aspects, these organic wastes are rich in...

Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms, extremely important to the health of our society. Cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics which are very similar in structure and action to penicillins but more resistant to - lactamases. Optimization of media is useful to increase the production of antibiotics. Induction of mutation is commonly employed to increase the yield of secondary metabolites like antibiotics. Chemical mutation is preferred method because of the ease in handling and avoiding the hazardous effects of radiations. Usually, mutations are induced in...

Plant cell and tissue culture methods are useful for mutation induction with radiation as well as chemicals. However, radiation is the preferred method to make genetic changes because of the ease in treating large populations, and the problems of handling and disposing of chemicals. Usually, mutations are induced in well-known and well-adapted plant varieties grown in a particular region. Selected and disease-free plants of these varieties are cultured in vitro, and irradiated with gamma, UV and X-rays. The irradiated plants, tissues, or cells are then multiplied many times, in vitro, from...