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The oral cavity is said to be the mirror of systemic diseases and many systemic diseases may be identified on the basis of oral manifestation alone. With the advent of sensitive immunochemical assay, the composition profile of human salivary secretion has been expanding considerably. The establishment of range of normal values for a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic salivary components represents an initial step to use saliva as a diagnostic tool to assess oral health status. Diabetes mellitus is one such complex, multifactorial genetic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by...

Human face is a complex mosaic of lines, angles, planes, shapes, textures and colours. The interplay between these elements can create an infinite variety of facial forms. Diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics by conventional osseous cephalometric norms have not been reliable. These cephalometric analyses concentrated mainly on the measurements of hard tissue structures which were not proportionate to the soft tissues of the face. Treatment based on cephalometric hard tissue norms in many instances, may, in fact, create undesirable facial changes. The advantage of soft tissue...