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Natural gas is an increasingly important source of the worlds energy. Estimating future supplies of this valuable commodity is an important economic and strategic endeavor. However, world gas supply forecasting has proved difficult because its exploration, transportation, and customer bases depend so heavily on fluctuating economic factors. Gas production fluctuations from several countries were affected by the relationship between gas and oil industries, economic burdens, and governmental-policy implementations. This work presents innovative approaches for analyzing and forecasting natural...

High bit rates optical communication systems pose the challenge of their tolerance to linear and nonlinear fiber impairments. Recently, the use of electronic processing for the mitigation of signal distortion in optical communication has attracted increasing interest due to its low cost and size relative to alternative optical techniques and the potential for the integration of electronic processors with existing transceiver electronics. In this book 40 Gb/s DP-QPSK system with coherent reception and DSP unit for optical fiber impairments compensation is proposed . The Chromatic Dispersion is...

Les cA(c)draies du Moyen Atlas central notamment celles d'Azrou souffrent aujourd'hui d'un dA(c)pA(c)rissement de plus en plus important. ce dernier provoque souvent la mortalitA(c) d'arbres, et par consA(c)quent la perte en production forestiA]re. la cA(c)draie d'Azrou, en raison de sa position biogA(c)ographique profite d'une pluviomA(c)trie relativement importante, cette pluviomA]tre a connu derniA]rement des modifications inhabituelles. en effet, depuis le siA]cle dernier, les changements climatiques se sont manifestA(c)s plus marquants et plus agressifs par endroits sur la planA]te...

Skirted foundations fixed to the edges of shallow foundations have been used for a considerable time, principally to increase the "effective depth" of the foundations in marine and other situations where water scours may be a problem. This method of improvement does not need excavation of the soil, and hence it cannot be restricted by the presence of a high water table. Sometimes, the shallow foundation is bounded by a close obstruction like wall. This wall has an effect on the bearing capacity of footing, whose behavior in this case can be similar to a skirted foundation in which a...