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In chronic parasitic infections, the interplay between the host and the parasite suggests immuno-suppressive mechanisms developed by the parasite. Echinococcus granulosus, a tiny tapeworm that among other helminthes, favors the induction of T helper type 2 responses which are less severe and less destructive than T helper type 1 responses. This study aimed at exploring the immune response generated in BALB/c mice using genetic immunization technology. Immuno-modulation by the co-delivery of different cytokine genes (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4) was also investigated. Immunization by antigen B or...

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) procedures have been growing rapidly for the past couple of decades. In MIS operations, endoscopic tools are inserted through a small incision on human's body. Although these procedures have many advantages such as fast recovery time, minimum damage to human body and reduced post operative complications, it does not provide any tactile feedback to the surgeon because the fingers cannot reach and palpate the target organs. Our sense of touch indicates the shape, size, quality and temperature of objects and is one of the most important inputs to our brains for...

All living things require phosphorus to survive. As such, it is crucial to investigate phosphate minerals from economic, agricultural, environmental, and health perspectives. The sustainability of human wellbeing on Earth depends on the ability to comprehend this critical resource and how we have used and abused it over time. This book examines the function of phosphate minerals in biology, human health and nutrition, food production, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability. It is a useful resource for readers from a range of backgrounds, including geologists and geochemists,...