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Under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), lenders are required to gather and report information on applicants' and coapplicants' ethnicity, race, and gender. These three characteristics are used to define protected class and control groups used for fair lending analyses. Typically, each characteristic is analyzed in isolation. This study explores whether treatment in mortgage markets is affected by belonging to multiple minority groups.

Testing for discrimination in mortgage lending requires classifying consumers into treatment groups and control groups. Although this may seem like a straightforward task, it is actually quite complicated. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, the primary source of data for these analyses, contain information on the ethnicity, race, and gender for both primary and coapplicants. In addition, applicants have the option of reporting up to five races. Using these detailed data to construct the standard groups, such as "Black," "Hispanic," and "White," requires subjective decisions on how to...