Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins

ISBN-13: 9781118928615 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 352 str.

Hiskia, Anastasia; Dionysiou, Dionysios D.; Antoniou, Maria

Opis

This book presents a comprehensive review of the state–of–the–art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odour compounds, and cyanotoxins. The topics covered include practically all technologies that are currently used or are in a state of research and development e.g.

Spis treści

List of Contributors xiPreface xviiAcknowledgments xix1 Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 1Armah A. de la Cruz, Neill Chernoff, James L. Sinclair, Donna Hill, Deacqunita L. Diggs, and Arthur T. Lynch1.1 An Overview of Cyanobacteria 11.1.1 Evolution and Worldwide Occurrence 21.1.2 Physical Characteristics 31.1.3 Metabolites of Cyanobacteria 61.2 General Environmental Impact: Ecological and Human Health Effects 61.2.1 Climate Change and Water Demand 71.2.2 Risk to Humans from Cyanobacterial Toxins 81.3 Health Effects of Cyanotoxins 81.3.1 Sources and Routes of Exposure in Humans and Animals 81.3.2 Hepatotoxins: Microcystins, Nodularins 91.3.3 Cytotoxin: Cylindrospermopsins 101.3.4 Neurotoxins: Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(s), Homoanatoxin-a, Saxitoxins 101.3.5 Irritant and Dermal Toxins: Lipopolysaccharides, Lyngbyatoxins, Aplysiatoxins 111.3.6 Gill-Bearing Vertebrate Toxins: Euglenophycin, Prymnesins 121.3.7 Mixtures, Bioaccumulation, and Unknown Toxins 131.4 Current Guidelines for Cyanotoxins 141.4.1 WHO Microcystin-LR Provisional Drinking Water Guideline Value 141.4.2 National Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Regulations or Guideline Values 151.4.3 National Regulation of Unspecified Harmful Substances 171.4.4 Non-national Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Guideline Values 171.4.5 United States Cyanotoxin Drinking Water Guideline Values 171.5 Taste and Odor Compounds Related to Cyanobacteria 181.6 Management Strategies of Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxins, and Related Compounds in Water Treatments 19References 212 Cyanobacteria, Cyanotoxins, and Human Health 37Geoffrey A. Codd, Emanuela Testai, Enzo Funari, and Zorica Svir ev2.1 Introduction 372.2 Exposure Routes, Exposure Media, and Human Health 392.2.1 Drinking Water 402.2.2 Diet 402.2.3 Bathing and Recreational Waters 422.2.4 Aerosols 422.2.5 Terrestrial Cyanobacteria 422.2.6 Human Gut Colonization Hypothesis 432.3 Cyanobacterial Cells and Cyanotoxins as Human Health Hazards and Risks 432.3.1 Hepatotoxins 442.3.2 Cytotoxins 462.3.3 Neurotoxins 472.3.4 LPS Endotoxins 482.3.5 Reference Values for Cyanotoxins and WHO Guidelines 492.3.6 Further Sources of Risk to Human Health 502.3.7 Data Gaps and Research Needs 512.4 Reported Investigations of Roles of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Human Health Incidents 522.4.1 Raw (Untreated) Water 522.4.2 Treated Water 542.4.3 Aerosols and Dust 562.4.4 Food and Dietary Supplements 562.5 Recognition and Reporting of Role(s) of Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxins in Health Incidents 572.6 Role of Human Health Incidents in Contributing to Cyanobacterial and Cyanotoxin Risk Management Policies 582.7 Importance of Contingency Plans and Outreach Activities 58References 593 Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins by Conventional Physical-chemical Treatment 69Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Maria João Rosa, Sabrina Sorlini, Michela Biasibetti, Christophoros Christophoridis, and Christine Edwards3.1 Introduction 693.2 Chemical Treatment 713.2.1 Copper-based Algicides 713.2.2 Other Metal-based Algicides 723.2.3 Photosensitizers 723.2.4 Herbicides 743.2.5 Algicides Derived from Natural Compounds 753.3 Coagulation and Flocculation 753.4 Dissolved Air Flotation 763.5 Rapid Sand/Gravity Filtration 803.6 Slow Sand Filtration 813.7 Bank Filtration 833.8 Activated Carbon Adsorption 853.8.1 General 853.8.2 GAC/BAC Filtration 853.8.3 PAC Adsorption 863.8.4 Case Study 873.9 Conclusions 88References 894 Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins by Membrane Processes 99Mike B. Dixon, Lionel Ho, and Maria G. Antoniou4.1 Introduction 994.2 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 1004.3 Nanofiltration 1014.4 Nanofiltration for the Combined Removal of Various Cyanobacterial Metabolites 1024.4.1 Membrane Fouling 1034.4.2 Removal of MIB and GSM 1054.4.3 Cylindrospermopsin Removal 1064.4.4 Microcystin Removal 1074.5 Reverse Osmosis 1084.6 Integrated Studies: Ultrafiltration Combined with PAC and Coagulants 1084.6.1 Ultrafiltration - Integrated Membrane System Test 1084.6.2 Effect of Cyanobacterial Species and Coagulant Type on Membrane Flux 1094.6.3 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Metabolites with Membranes and Coagulants 1094.6.4 Summary of Results 112Acknowledgement 114References 1145 Biological Treatment for the Destruction of Cyanotoxins 117Dariusz Dziga, Sonja Nybom, Ilona Gagala, and Marcin Wasylewski5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Overview of Microbial Degradation 1185.2.1 Microorganisms Capable of MC-degradation 1185.2.2 Microbial Degradation of Other Cyanotoxins 1225.2.3 Degradation Efficiency and Factors Affecting Degradation 1235.3 The Mechanisms of Biodegradation 1245.3.1 Biochemistry of Degradation 1245.3.2 Enzymes Involved in Biodegradation 1255.3.3 Alternative Mechanisms of Biodegradation 1265.3.4 Methodology of Analysis of Degradation Pathways 1285.4 Biological Methods of Cyanotoxin Elimination 1295.4.1 Most Common Proposals of Microbial Removal of Cyanotoxins 1295.4.2 Microbial Strains 1325.4.3 The Efficiency of Described Methods and Future Challenges 1325.5 Guide to Evaluating Biodegradation 1335.5.1 Environmental Samples 1375.5.2 Bacterial Strains 1385.5.3 Indication of Biodegradation Activity 1395.5.4 Enzymatic and Genetic Aspects of Biodegradation 1405.6 Microbial Water Treatment - Application and Case Studies 1425.6.1 Real-life Application of MC-degrading Bacteria 1425.6.2 Potential of Existing Water Treatment Infrastructure for MC-removal 1445.7 Conclusions 145Acknowledgements 145References 1466 Conventional Disinfection and/or Oxidation Processes for the Destruction of Cyanotoxins/Cyanobacteria 155Sylvain Merel, Shuwen Yan, and Weihua Song6.1 Reaction of Chlorine and its Derivatives with Cyanotoxins 1556.1.1 Microcystins and Nodularins 1566.1.2 Cylindrospermopsin 1596.1.3 Anatoxin-a 1606.1.4 Saxitoxins 1606.1.5 Other Cyanotoxins 1616.1.6 Summary 1626.2 Reaction of Ozone with Cyanotoxins 1626.2.1 Microcystins 1626.2.2 Nodularins 1636.2.3 Cylindrospermopsin 1636.2.4 Anatoxin-a 1656.2.5 Saxitoxins 1656.2.6 Summary 1656.3 Reaction of Permanganate (KMnO4) with Cyanotoxins 1666.3.1 Microcystins 1666.3.2 Cylindrospermopsin 1676.3.3 Anatoxin-a 1676.3.4 Saxitoxins 1676.3.5 Summary 167References 1677 Advanced Oxidation Processes 173Geshan Zhang, Xuexiang He, Xiaodi Duan, Ying Huang, Changseok Han, Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda, Kevin O'Shea, Duk Kyung Kim, Virender K. Sharma, Natalie Johnson, Bangxing Ren, Vasileia Vogiazi, Theodora Fotiou, Christophoros Christophoridis, Anastasia E. Hiskia, and Dionysios D. Dionysiou7.1 Introduction 1737.2 UV 1747.3 UV/H2O2 1757.4 O3/H2O2 1767.5 UV/O3 1777.6 Catalytic Ozonation 1787.7 Fenton/Photo-Fenton Reagent 1797.8 TiO2-Based Photocatalysis/Visible Light Sensitized TiO2 1807.9 Radiolysis 1827.10 Ultrasonic Degradation 1847.11 Ferrate 1867.12 Other Iron-based Processes 1877.13 Sulfaten Radical-based AOPs 1897.14 Polyoxometalate Photocatalysis 1917.14.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants with POMs: Mechanistic Aspects 1927.14.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyanobacterial Metabolites with POM 1937.14.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of CYN with POM 1947.15 Conclusion 195Acknowledgments 195References 1968 Removal and/or Destruction of Cyanobacterial Taste and Odour Compounds by Conventional and Advanced Oxidation Processes 207Carlos J. Pestana, Linda A. Lawton, and Triantafyllos Kaloudis8.1 Introduction 2078.2 Conventional Water Treatment 2108.2.1 Pretreatment and Preventative Measures 2118.2.2 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation 2138.2.3 Filtration 2138.2.4 Disinfection 2158.2.5 Distribution System 2158.2.6 Summary - Key Points 2168.3 Advanced Treatment Methods 2188.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 2188.3.2 Air Stripping 2208.3.3 Membrane Filtration 2228.3.4 Variations of Conventional Treatment Techniques 2238.3.5 Summary - Key Points 2238.3.6 Key Findings 2248.4 Side Note: T&O Compound Concentrations and Customer Perception 224References 2249 Transformation Products (TPs) of Cyanobacterial Metabolites During Treatment 231Theodora Fotiou, Theodoros M. Triantis, Anastasia E. Hiskia, Dariusz Dziga, Sylvain Merel, Christine Edwards, and Maria G. Antoniou9.1 Introduction 2319.2 TPs Formed in the Natural Environment 2339.2.1 Photolysis 2339.2.2 Effect of pH and Temperature 2349.3 Transformation Products of Microcystins and Nodularins with Advanced Oxidation Processes/ Technologies and Conventional Chemical Oxidation 2369.3.1 Titanium Dioxide-based Photocatalysts 2369.3.2 Other Photocatalysts (BiOBr and Bi2WO6) 2649.3.3 Ultrasonic Degradation (Sonolysis) 2689.3.4 Ozone 2779.3.5 Chlorination 2789.3.6 Sulfate Radical-based AOTs (SR-AOTs) 2789.4 Transformation Products of Microcystins and Nodularins with Biological Treatment 2799.5 Transformation Products of Cylindrospermopsin 2879.6 Transformation Products of Odor Compounds 2929.7 Conclusions 298Acknowledgements 298References 29810 Integrated Drinking Water Processes: Case Studies 307Tomasz Jurczak, Andrzej Jodlowski, Sabrina Sorlini, Michela Biasibetti, and Francesca Gialdini10.1 Introduction 30710.2 Pilot Plant Studies for Optimization of Water Treatment Processes in Microcystins Removal 30810.3 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Microcystin-LR with a Microfiltration Pilot Plant (Lake Garda, Italy) 31210.4 Removal of Cyanobacterial Cells and Cyanotoxins in a Conventional Full-scale DWTP (Lake Vico, Italy) 31410.5 Efficiency of Water Treatment Processes in Elimination of Microcystins - Polish Examples 31710.6 Conclusions 324References 324Index 327

O autorze

Anastasia E. Hiskia, is Research Director at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research ???Demokritos,??? Athens, Greece.Theodoros M. Triantis, is Senior Researcher at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research ???Demokritos,??? Athens, Greece.Maria G. Antoniou, is Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus.Triantafyllos Kaloudis, is head of the Organic Micropollutants Laboratory of the Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company, EYDAP SA, Greece.Dionysios D. Dionysiou, is Professor of Environmental Engineering and Science in the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.