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Nanotechnology is a modern and vital technology in the twenty-first century. It may be a department of science and innovation that makes materials from single particles and multiple particles. It examines the properties and applications of materials with at least one external dimension that measures from 1 to 100 nm. Melatonin endogenous hormone produced by the pineal gland that is secreted in the dark which is responsible for sleep, plays the role of an oxidative inhibitor. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) is identified by the chemical formula (C13H16N2O2) endogenous hormone...

Graves' disease (GD) is the leading cause of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, characterized by the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb). These autoantibodies play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease and represent a highly specific diagnostic biomarker.This book presents a comprehensive assessment of TRAb levels in patients with Graves' disease (GD), highlighting their diagnostic significance and correlations with hormonal and inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). The work distinguishes between autoimmune and non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism,In...