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Produced water contributes to the largest volume waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) exploration and production (E&P) operations. It is usually a complex mixture of inorganics and organics that is formed underground and brought to the surface during O&G production. Traditionally, produced water has been considered as a waste to the O&G industry. The conventional management strategies include disposal (typically by injection into depleted wells or permitted disposal wells), recycle (direct reuse within the E&P operation), and reuse (treatment and reuse offsite for food crop...

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity...

Foreword by Professor Menachem Elimelech, Yale University, USA

This 3-volume thematic work provides critical assessment of the status and advancements in materials and fabrication of membranes, membrane based processes, and applications critical to industrial applications and research from fundamental and practical levels. The Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology binds together the history of synthetic membranes, as well as state-of-the-art findings of younger and experienced membrane researchers from over 25 countries. This comprehensive publication...

The twenty-one essays collected in this volume offer a broad range of critical views on the intricate interdependence between verbal and visual representation. Drawing on recent research, scholars from Europe, America and Asia approach the topic from a host of different angles, exploring topics such as popular visual cultures in Japan, devotional graffiti in a Piedmontese chapel, textual trompe-l'oeil in Jaques Derrida's Memoirs of the Blind or the relationship between the landscape paintings of Albert Bierstadt and the representation of landscape in the texts of James Fenimore Cooper. The...