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For gamma radiation detection, assemblies having scintillation crystals and a photomultiplier tube, also there is a preamplifier connected to the detector because the signals from photomultiplier tube are of small amplitude. After pre-amplification the signals are sent to the amplifier and then to the multichannel analyser. The multichannel analyser sorts all incoming electrical signals according to their amplitudes and sorts the detected photons in channels covering small energy intervals. The energy range of each channel depends on the gain settings of the multichannel analyser and the high...

Laser has many attractive specifications which made it adaptable for material processing. Laser was taken as a modern heat treatment source to prevent the formation of non-protective oxide layer with intensity equal to 1.31x105w/cm2, lasing time equal to 300 s wave length equal to 1.063 m, and spot radius equal to 125 m. Lithium is depleted during the conventional heat treatment processes . The conventional heat treatment results and laser calculations have been investigated in this work . The comparison between laser calculations and the conventional heat treatment results were studied . The...

A mathematical model describing the rolling of the slabs which has been formulated. The present model estimates the optimal rolling schedule which gives the maximum through put (rolling rate) of the hot rolling line at Nassiriya's factory.The material's resistance to deformation varied at each pass, an expression which relates it to the strain rate, temperature and reduction has been developed. Furthermore the limitation of the slab's ductility on the rolling schedule has been taken into consideration.In order to select the most accurate theory to be used in the present model, three theories...