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In current industrial control, PID technology is firmly established as the standard. Often, however, high control loop performance can only be obtained within narrow limits around a given steady-state operating point. If perturbations introduced by any reference or load change are outside these limitations then the actuators will constrain the system inputs. Other operational limits may also be imposed by additional variables within the plant producing output constraints.

A typical method of dealing with input and output constraints, especially for PID control, has been the...

Physical, safety or technological constraints induce that the control actuators can neither provide unlimited amplitude signals nor unlimited speed of reaction. The control problems of combat aircraft prototypes and satellite launchers offer interesting examples of the difficulties due to these major constraints.

Neglecting actuator saturations on both amplitude and dynamics can be source of undesirable or even catastrophic behavior for the closed-loop system (such as loosing closed-loop stability).

Such actuator saturations have also been blamed as one of several unfortunate...