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This Handbook discusses the recent advances in biodegradation technologies and highlights emerging sustainable materials, including environmentally friendly nano-based materials for replacing plastics. It is useful to scientists, engineers, biologists, medical doctors and provides alternative eco-friendly materials to replace the currently used ones with harmful impact on the environment and life. The chapters present different types of alternative materials in diverse areas, such as food packaging materials, materials for construction and agricultural materials. The principles and types of...

The aim of this study is characterization of the icon materials using different spectroscopic methods to give information about the identity of icons, assessment the state of icons, and evaluation the effect of environmental conditions. This book is based on a literature review and experimental work. A collection of eleven icons were included within the study. Different spectroscopic methods have been used during the study such as Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy...