The Chemistry and Technology of Cellulosic Copolymers

ISBN-13: 9783642677090 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 352 str.

A. Hebeish; T. J. Guthrie

Opis

Many excellent volumes have been written on the chemistry of cellulose and its derivatives. Judging by the number of conferences which have been assembled to deal with the topic, cellulose and its derivatives continue to arouse great scientific interest. Matching this interest has been the development in copolymer science and technology. In both instances the driving force has been the search for products having useful, new or interesting properties. It appeared inevitable that these two concepts would be brought together at some time in the research and development of cellulosic copolymers. That time has arrived. In assembling this text our aim was to present an informative account of the chemistry and technology of cellulosic copolymers. As such, we intended that the contents be of interest to all those concerned with the production and use of cellulosic products whether in academic or industrial circles. Sections of the text should be of value in undergraduate and post-graduate teaching, provided the student is given guidance in following the text. The volume is divided into eight chapters, each dealing with factors which are relevant to an under standing of cellulosic copolymers. Each chapter carries its own bibliography and is reasonably self-contained."

Spis treści

1. The Homopolymeric Species.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Cellulose.- 1.2.1. Structural Features of Cellulose.- 1.2.2. Reactivity of Cellulose.- 1.3. Synthetic Polymers.- 1.3.1. Radical Addition Polymerization.- 1.3.1.1. Free Radical Initiation.- 1.3.1.2. Propagation.- 1.3.1.3. Termination.- 1.3.2. Kinetics of Polymerization.- 1.3.2.1. Initiation.- 1.3.2.2. Propagation.- 1.3.2.3. Termination.- 1.3.2.4. Steady State.- 1.3.2.5. Degree of Polymerization.- 1.3.2.6. Transfer Reactions.- 1.3.2.7. Effect of Temperature.- 1.3.2.8. Rate Constants.- 1.3.2.9. Initiation Rates.- 1.4. Vinyl Copolymerization.- 1.4.1. Copolymer Formation.- 1.4.2. Kinetics of Copolymerization.- 1.5. Molecular Mass Distribution.- 1.6. Polymer Structure.- References.- 2. Vinyl Graft Copolymerization onto Cellulose.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Conditions Affecting Grafting.- 2.2.1. Chemical Conditions.- 2.2.2. Physical Conditions.- 2.2.3. Nature of Substrate.- 2.3. Grafting Reactions.- 2.4. Mechanism of Free Radical Formation on Cellulose.- 2.4.1. Chain Transfer.- 2.4.2. Physical Activation.- 2.4.3. Chemical Activation.- 2.5. Charge-Transfer Mechanism of Grafting.- 2.6. Grafting by Chain Transfer.- 2.7. Grafting by Mechanochemical Activation of Cellulose.- 2.8. Uncatalyzed Grafting.- 2.9. The Kinetics of Radiation-Induced Grafting onto Cellulosics.- References.- 3. Radiation-Induced Grafting onto Cellulosics.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.1.1. Radiation Units; The Concept of Dose and Dosimetry.- 3.2. Grafting by High Energy Radiation.- 3.2.1. Energy Transfer in the Irradiation of Cellulose.- 3.2.2. The Radiation Protection of Cellulose.- 3.2.3. The Radiation Chemistry of Cellulose.- 3.2.3.1. Molecular and Structural Properties of Irradiated Cellulose.- 3.2.3.2. Chemical Properties of Irradiated Cellulose.- 3.2.3.3. Effect on Storage on the Properties of Irradiated Cellulose.- 3.2.3.4. Location of the Free Radicals in the Cellulose Structure after Irradiation.- 3.2.3.5. Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Reactions in Cellulose.- 3.2.4. High Energy, Radiation-Induced Grafting of Cellulosics.- 3.2.4.1. Radiochemical Yields of Irradiated Cellulose.- 3.2.4.2. Radiochemical Yield of Irradiation Grafting.- 3.2.4.3. Techniques of Radiation-Induced Grafting.- 3.2.4.4. Mechanisms of Irradiation Grafting.- 3.3. Grafting by low Energy Radiation in the Presence of Sensitizers.- 3.3.1. Photo-tendering in Ultraviolet-Light-Sensitized Grafting.- 3.3.2. Photoionitiated Grafting Reactions.- References.- 4. Grafting by Chemical Activation of Cellulose.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Free-Radical Initiation.- 4.2.1. Persulfate Initiation.- 4.2.2. Hydroxyl Radical Initiation.- 4.2.3. CeIV Ion Initiation.- 4.2.4. Initiation by Pentavalent Vanadium.- 4.2.5. Initiation by ManganeseIII Ions.- 4.2.6. Initiation by ManganeseIV.- 4.2.7. Initiation by Ozone-Oxygen Mixtures.- 4.2.8. Initiation by Periodate Ions.- 4.2.9. Initiation by Aryl Diazonium Groups.- 4.2.10. Initiation by Radical Attack on Unsaturated Groups.- 4.2.11. Initiation by Dimethylaniline.- 4.3. Ionic Initiation.- 4.3.1. Cationic Grafting.- 4.3.2. Anionic Grafting.- References.- 5. Grafting of other Types of Monomers onto Cellulose.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Step-Growth Polymerization of Cyclic Compounds.- 5.3. Preformed Polymers.- References.- 6. Grafting on Chemically Modified Celluloses.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Grafting on Cellulose Xanthogenate.- 6.3. Grafting on Acetylated Cellulose.- 6.4. Grafting on Cyanoethylated Cellulose.- 6.5. Grafting on Partially Carboxymethylated Cellulose.- 6.6. Grafting on Acrylamidomethylated Cellulose.- 6.7. Grafting on Cellulose Treated with N-Methylolacrylamide in an Alkaline Medium.- 6.8. Grafting on Carbamoylethylated Cellulose.- 6.9. Grafting on Cellulose Bearing Carboxymethyl and Cyanoethyl Groups.- 6.10. Grafting on Cellulose Bearing Cyanoethyl and Carboxyethyl Groups.- 6.11. Grafting on Phosphorylated Cellulose.- 6.12. Grafting on Crosslinked Cellulose.- 6.13. Grafting on Aldehyde Cellulose.- 6.14. Grafting onto Methylol Cellulosics.- References.- 7. Characterization and Properties of Cellulose Graft Copolymers.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Proof of Grafting.- 7.3. Molecular Structure.- 7.3.1. Molecular Mass of Cellulose Backbone.- 7.3.2. Molecular Masses of Grafted Branches.- 7.3.3. Average Molecular Masses of “True” Cellulosic Copolymers.- 7.3.4. Preferential Adsorption by Cellulosic Copolymers in Mixed Solvents.- 7.3.5. Molecular Mass Distribution of Grafted Branches.- 7.3.6. Frequency of Branching.- 7.3.7. Site of Branch Attachment.- 7.4. Morphology.- 7.5. Fine Structure.- 7.6. Properties.- 7.6.1. Textile Properties of Cellulose Graft Copolymers.- 7.6.2. New Cellulosic Materials.- 7.6.3. Properties of Grafted Paper.- 7.6.4. Properties of Grafted Pulp and Timber.- References.- 8. Industrial Application of Cellulose Graft Copolymers.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC).- 8.2.1. The Geographical Distribution of WPC Development.- 8.2.2. Uses and Properties.- 8.3. Grafted Textile Products.- 8.4. Grafted Pulps and Papers.- 8.5. Miscellaneous Examples.- References.