Recent Sedimentary Carbonates: Part 1 Marine Carbonates

ISBN-13: 9783642655302 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 378 str.

J. D. Milliman; G. M. Ller; F. F. Rstner

Opis

Few fields of research in the earth sciences have produced as much data and litera ture as the study of carbonate sediments and rocks. The past 25 years in particular, have seen a significant increase in studies concerning modern marine and fresh water carbonates. With the present worldwide interest in oceanographic research, marine carbonates have received the bulk of the attention, particularly with respect to shallow-water sediments. However, in terms of the variety of environ ments, compositions and modes of formation, non-marine carbonates probably encompass a wider spectrum than do marine types. Our purpose is to present a two-volume treatise on carbonate sediments and rocks, both marine and non-marine. We have confined ourselves to the discussion of modern (Holocene) environments, sediments and components, assuming that the compilation of these data will not only be relevant to those working with modern carbonates but will also serve as a necessary reference source for those interested in ancient analogs. The first volume, by MILLIMAN, deals almost exclu sively with marine environments, while the second volume, by MULLER and FORST NER, will concentrate on the non-marine carbonates."

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- 1. Carbonates and the Ocean.- Carbonate Mineralogy.- The Oceans as a Chemical System.- The C02 System in the Oceans.- pH.- Alkalinity.- Variations in the C02 in Nature.- Calcium Carbonate in Sea Water.- 2. Methods.- Texture.- Petrography.- Sediment Impregnation.- Peels.- Mineralogy.- Staining.- X-ray Diffraction.- Quantitative Mineralogy.- MgC03 Content in Carbonate.- Chemical Composition.- Calcium Carbonate Determination.- Elemental Analysis.- Stable Isotopes.- II. Carbonate Components.- 3. Non-Skeletal Components.- Lithoclasts.- Pelletoids.- Ooids.- Aggregates and Cryptocrystalline Lumps.- Composition of Non-Skeletal Carbonates.- Origin of Non-Skeletal Carbonates.- 4. Skeletal Components.- Plants.- Cyanophyta (Blue-green Algae).- Chrysophyta (Coccolithophorids).- Rhodophyta (Red Algae).- Ecology, Growth Rates and Sedimentary Distribution.- Petrography.- Composition.- Phaecophyta (Brown Algae).- Chlorophyta (Green Algae).- Ecology, Calcification and Sedimentary Significance.- Petrography.- Composition.- Dinoflagellates.- Invertebrates.- Foraminifera.- Ecology and Sedimentary Significance.- Composition.- Tintinnida.- Porifera.- Coelenterata.- Ecology and Calcification.- Hydrozoa.- Octocorallia.- Zoantharia (Scleractinia).- Stable Isotopes.- Bryozoa.- Ecology and Petrology.- Composition.- Brachiopoda.- Mollusca.- Amphineura.- Scaphopoda.- Cephalopoda.- Pteropoda.- Pelecypoda.- Gastropoda.- Variations in Gastropod and Pelecypod Composition.- Annelida.- Arthropoda.- Cirripedia.- Ostracoda.- Decapoda.- Other Arthropods.- Echinodermata.- Skeletal Elements.- Composition.- Chordata.- Vertebrata.- 5. Summary of Carbonate Composition.- Elemental Distributions in Carbonates.- Variations in Composition with Mineralogy.- Physiologic and Generic Factors.- Environmental Considerations.- Ontogeny.- Morphology.- Mode of Living.- III. Marine Carbonate Sedimentation.- 6. Eulittoral (Shallow-Water) Sedimentation.- The Coral Reef Environment.- Environmental Factors Governing Coral Reef Distribution.- Reef Types and Their Evolution.- Indo-Pacific versus Caribbean Reefs.- Morphology of the Coral Reef Habitat.- Reef Environments.- Morphology and Ecology.- Reef Sedimentation.- Lagoonal Environments.- Types of Lagoons.- Grass Banks and Algal Mats.- Burrowing Organisms.- Lagoonal Sediments.- Genesis of Shallow-Water Carbonate Muds.- Carbonate Cays.- Mud Cays and Tidal Flats.- Sand Cays.- Effect of Cataclysmic Events (Storms) on Coral Reefs.- Other Tropical and Subtropical Carbonates.- Vermetid Reefs.- Serpulid Reefs.- Oyster Reefs.- Non-Tropical Carbonates.- 7. Transitional (Sublittoral) Carbonate Sedimentation.- Distribution of Calcium Carbonate on Continental Shelves...- Carbonate Sediments on Continental Shelves.- Inner Shelf Sediments.- Outer Shelf Sediments.- The Algal Ridge System.- Shelf Oolite.- Age of Shelf Carbonates.- Summary.- 8. Deep-Sea Carbonates.- Factors Influencing Distribution.- Distribution of Calcium Carbonate in Deep-Sea Sediments.- Oozes.- Planktonic Foraminifera (Globigerina) Ooze.- Coccolith Ooze.- Pteropod Ooze.- Miscellaneous Deep-Sea Carbonate Components.- Deep-Water Coral Reefs.- Deep-Sea Precipitates.- World-Wide Distribution of Calcium Carbonate in Marine Sediments.- Variations in Deep-Sea Carbonate Deposition with Geologic Time.- Calcium Carbonate Budget for the World Oceans.- IV. Carbonate Diagenesis.- 9. Carbonate Degradation.- Biological Erosion.- Borers.- Predators.- Grazers.- Browsers.- Mechanical Erosion.- Chemical Alteration.- Intertidal Dissolution.- Marine Dissolution.- Summary.- 10. Carbonate Cementation.- Intragranular Cementation (Cryptocrystallization).- Intergranular Cementation and Lithification.- Intertidal Cementation.- Beachrock.- Mangrove Reefs.- Supratidal Crusts.- Submarine Lithification.- Shallow-Water Limestones.- Deep-Water Limestones.- Summary.- 11. Dolomitization.- Intertidal and Supratidal.- Organic Dolomites.- Deep-Sea Dolomites.- Summary.- Appendix I. Key to the Identification of Carbonate Components in Thin Section.- Appendix II. Key to the Identification of Carbonate Components. Under Reflected Light.