Immobilized Biocatalysts: An Introduction

ISBN-13: 9783540188087 / Angielski / Miękka / 1988 / 212 str.

Winfried Hartmeier; Joy Wieser

Opis

Biotechnological processes often require the use of immobilized biocatalysts. This translation of the most successful German edition introduces the theoretical background of this rapidly growing field followed by a detailed description of the various techniques of immobilizing, characterizing, and using biocatalysts. The comprehensive discussion of possible applications in industrial processes and in basic research results in a practical guide for everyone involved in these techniques. Furthermore, some selected experiments are added in order to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical reports.

Spis treści

Theoretical Section.- 1 General Principles.- 1.1 Principles of Biocatalysis.- 1.2 Structure of Enzymes.- 1.3 Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes.- 1.4 Definition and Classification of Immobilized Biocatalysts.- 1.5 Reasons for Immobilization.- 1.6 The History of Immobilization.- 1.7 Economic Importance.- 2 Methods of Immobilization.- 2.1 Adsorption.- 2.2 Ionic Binding.- 2.3 Covalent Binding.- 2.4 Cross-linking.- 2.5 Matrix Entrapment.- 2.6 Membrane Confinement.- 2.7 Combined Methods.- 2.8 Immobilization of Coenzymes.- 3 Characteristics of Immobilized Biocatalysts.- 3.1 Activity as a Function of Temperature.- 3.2 Stability as a Function of Temperature.- 3.3 Temperature Optimum in Long-term Processes.- 3.4 The Influence of pH Value.- 3.5 The Influence of Substrate Concentration.- 3.6 The Influence of Diffusion.- 3.7 Other Physical Properties.- 4 Reactors for Immobilized Biocatalysts.- 4.1 Stirred Reactors.- 4.2 Loop Reactors.- 4.3 Bed Reactors.- 4.4 Membrane Reactors.- 4.5 Special Forms of Reactors.- 5 Industrial Applications.- 5.1 Classical Fields of Application.- 5.2 Production of L-Amino Acids Using L-Aminoacylase.- 5.3 L-Amino Acid Production in Membrane Reactors.- 5.4 The Production of Fructose-containing Syrups.- 5.5 Derivatives of Penicillins.- 5.6 Production of Aspartic Acid.- 5.7 Application of ß-Galactosidase.- 5.8 Further Possible Industrial Uses.- 6 Application in Analytical Procedures.- 6.1 Affinity Chromatography.- 6.2 Automatic Analyzers.- 6.3 Biochemical Electrodes.- 6.4 Enzyme Thermistors.- 6.5 Immuno Methods.- 7 Uses in Medicine.- 7.1 Intracorporeal Enzyme Therapy.- 7.2 Extracorporeal Enzyme Therapy.- 7.3 Artificial Organs.- 8 Uses in Basic Research.- 8.1 Structural Studies.- 8.2 Properties of Enzyme Subunits.- 8.3 Degeneration and Regeneration.- 8.4 Simulation of Natural Systems.- 9 Special Developments and Trends.- 9.1 Immobilized Plant Cells.- 9.2 Immobilized Mammalian Cells.- 9.3 Immobilized Organelles.- 9.4 Co-immobilization of Enzymes and Cells.- 9.5 Other Co-immobilized Systems.- 9.6 Combination of Immobilization with Other Techniques.- Practical Section.- Exercise 1 Adsorptive Coupling of Invertase to Active Charcoal.- E 1.1 Introduction.- E 1.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 1.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 2 Ionic Binding of Catalase to CM-Cellulose.- E 2.1 Introduction.- E 2.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 2.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 3 Covalent Binding of Glucoamylase to a Carrier Bearing Oxirane Groups.- E 3.1 Introduction.- E 3.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 3.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 4 Immobilization of ß-Galactosidase by Cross-linking.- E 4.1 Introduction.- E 4.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 4.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 5 Alginate Entrapment of Yeast Cells and Their Co-entrapment with Immobilized ß-Galactosidase.- E 5.1 Introduction.- E 5.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 5.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 6 Construction and Use of a Biochemical Electrode for Essaying Glucose.- E 6.1 Introduction.- E 6.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 6.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 7 Spinning of ß-Galactosidase into Cellulose Acetate Fibers.- E 7.1 Introduction.- E 7.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 7.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 8 Immobilization of L-Asparaginase in Nylon Microcapsules.- E 8.1 Introduction.- E 8.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 8.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 9 Degradation of Cellulose in a Membrane Reactor.- E 9.1 Introduction.- E 9.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 9.3 Results and Evaluation.- Exercise 10 Conversion of Fumaric Acid to Malic Acid in a Liquid-membrane Emulsion.- E 10.1 Introduction.- E 10.2 Experimental Procedure.- E 10.3 Results and Evaluation.- Abbreviations and Symbols.- Literature.