1. Introduction2. Glycosphingolipid Structure and Metabolism 3. Glycosphingolipid Distribution in the Central Nervous System 4. Functions of Glycosphingolipids in the Central Nervous System 5. Functional Mechanisms of Glycosphingolipids 6. Glycosphingolipids and Central Nervous System-Related Diseases 7. Synthetic Glycosphingolipid Probes and Their Biological Applications 8. Concluding Remarks