Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide

ISBN-13: 9781119756439 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 384 str.

Donald C. (General Electric Company) Rennels

Spis treści

Preface to the First Edition xixPreface to the Second Edition xxiNomenclature xxiiiPart I Methodology 11 Fundamentals 31.1 System of Units 31.2 Fluid Properties 41.2.1 Pressure 41.2.2 Temperature 51.2.3 Density 61.2.4 Viscosity 61.2.5 Energy 71.2.6 Heat 71.3 Velocity 81.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 81.4.1 Reynolds Number 81.4.2 Relative Roughness 91.4.3 Loss Coefficient 91.4.4 Mach Number 91.4.5 Froude Number 91.4.6 Reduced Pressure 101.4.7 Reduced Temperature 101.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 101.5 Equations of State 101.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 101.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 111.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 111.6 Flow Regimes 121.7 Similarity 121.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 121.7.2 Limitations 13References 13Further Reading 132 Conservation Equations 152.1 Conservation of Mass 152.2 Conservation of Momentum 152.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 172.4 Conservation of Energy 182.4.1 Potential Energy 182.4.2 Pressure Energy 192.4.3 Kinetic Energy 192.4.4 Heat Energy 192.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 202.5 General Energy Equation 202.6 Head Loss 212.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 212.8 Conventional Head Loss 222.9 Grade Lines 23References 23Further Reading 233 Incompressible Flow 253.1 Conventional Head Loss 253.2 Sources of Head Loss 263.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 263.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 263.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 263.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 273.2.1.4 Friction Factor 273.2.2 Induced Turbulence 293.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31References 31Further Reading 324 Compressible Flow 334.1 Introduction 334.2 Problem Solution Methods 344.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 344.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 354.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 354.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 354.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 364.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 374.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 394.4.1 Shapiro's Adiabatic Flow Equation 394.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 394.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 414.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 414.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 424.4.2 Turton's Adiabatic Flow Equation 424.4.3 Binder's Adiabatic Flow Equation 434.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 434.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 444.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 454.8 Two-Phase Flow 454.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 454.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 . K, p1 , t1 , and W are Known 464.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 464.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation 474.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation 474.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation 474.9.2 Solve for W and t2 . K, p1 , t1 , and p2 are Known 484.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 484.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation 484.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation 494.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation 494.9.3 Observations 494.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow 504.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 504.10.2 Input Data 504.10.3 Initial Calculations 504.10.4 Solution 504.10.5 Comparison with Crane's Solutions 51References 51Further Reading 515 Network Analysis 535.1 Coupling Effects 535.2 Series Flow 545.3 Parallel Flow 545.4 Branching Flow 555.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 565.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 565.5.2 Input Parameters 575.5.3 Initial Calculations 575.5.4 Network Flow Equations 575.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 575.5.4.2 Energy Equations 575.5.5 Solution 595.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 595.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 605.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 605.6.1.2 Input Parameters 605.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 625.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 625.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 635.6.1.6 Solution 635.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 645.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 645.6.2.2 Input Parameters 645.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 645.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 655.6.2.5 Solution 655.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop 655.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 655.7.2 Input Data 665.7.3 Initial Calculations 675.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations 675.7.4.1 Individual Loss Coefficients 675.7.4.2 Series Loss Coefficients 685.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations 685.7.5.1 Steam Dome to Steam Drum 685.7.5.2 Steam Drum to Turbine Stop Valves Pressure Drop 695.7.6 Predicted Pressure at Turbine Stop Valves 70References 70Further Reading 706 Transient Analysis 716.1 Methodology 716.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 726.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads 726.2.2 Spherical Vessel 736.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 746.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 756.3.1 No Heat Transfer 766.3.2 Heat Transfer 766.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration 776.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain 776.4.1.1 Direct Solution 786.4.1.2 Time Step Solution 78References 78Further Reading 787 Uncertainty 797.1 Error Sources 797.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 817.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 817.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 817.4.1 Input Data 817.4.2 Solution 827.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 827.5.1 Input Data 837.5.2 Solution 83Further Reading 84Part II Loss Coefficients 858 Surface Friction 878.1 Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness 878.2 Friction Factor 878.2.1 Laminar Flow Region 878.2.2 Critical Zone 888.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region 888.2.3.1 Smooth Pipes 888.2.3.2 Rough Pipes 888.3 The Colebrook-White Equation 888.4 The Moody Chart 898.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 898.5.1 Moody's Approximate Formula 898.5.2 Wood's Approximate Formula 908.5.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 908.5.4 Chen's Formula 908.5.5 Shacham's Formula 908.5.6 Barr's Formula 908.5.7 Haaland's Formulas 908.5.8 Manadilli's Formula 908.5.9 Romeo's Formula 918.5.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook- White Equation 918.6 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 918.6.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula 918.6.2 Modifications to Churchill's 1977 Formula 928.7 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces 938.8 Age and usage of Pipe 948.8.1 Corrosion and Encrustation 958.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 958.8.3 Inherent Margin 958.9 Noncircular Passages 97References 97Further Reading 989 Entrances 1019.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 1019.1.1 Flush Mounted 1019.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 1029.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 1029.2 Rounded Entrance 1039.3 Beveled Entrance 1049.4 Entrance Through an Orifice 1049.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 1059.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 1059.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 1059.4.4 Beveled Orifice 106References 111Further Reading 11110 Contractions 11310.1 Flow Model 11310.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 11410.3 Rounded Contraction 11510.4 Conical Contraction 11610.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 11710.4.2 Local Loss 11810.5 Beveled Contraction 11910.6 Smooth Contraction 11910.7 Pipe Reducer - Contracting 120References 125Further Reading 12511 Expansions 12711.1 Sudden Expansion 12711.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 12811.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers 13111.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 13211.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 13211.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 13511.5 Pipe Reducer - Expanding 136References 142Further Reading 14212 Exits 14512.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 14512.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 14612.3 Discharge from an Orifice 14612.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 14712.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice 14712.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 14712.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 14812.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 14813 Orifices 15313.1 Generalized Flow Model 15413.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice 15513.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 15513.2.2 In a Transition Section 15613.2.3 In a Wall 15713.3 Round-Edged Orifice 15713.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 15713.3.2 In a Transition Section 15813.3.3 In a Wall 15913.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 15913.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 15913.4.2 In a Transition Section 16013.4.3 In a Wall 16013.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 16113.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 16113.5.2 In a Transition Section 16213.5.3 In a Wall 16313.6 Multi-Hole Orifices 16313.7 Non-Circular Orifices 164References 169Further Reading 17014 Flow Meters 17314.1 Flow Nozzle 17314.2 Venturi Tube 17414.3 Nozzle/Venturi 175References 177Further Reading 17715 Bends 17915.1 Overview 17915.2 Bend Losses 18015.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends 18115.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends 18215.3 Coils 18515.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix 18515.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 18515.4 Miter Bends 18615.5 Coupled Bends 18715.6 Bend Economy 187References 192Further Reading 19316 Tees 19516.1 Overview 19516.1.1 Previous Endeavors 19516.1.2 Observations 19716.2 Diverging Tees 19716.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run 19716.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch 19916.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch 20216.3 Converging Tees 20216.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run 20216.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch 20416.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch 20716.4 Full-Flow Through Run 208References 226Further Reading 22617 Pipe Joints 22917.1 Weld Protrusion 22917.2 Backing Rings 23017.3 Misalignment 23117.3.1 Misaligned Pipe 23117.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 23118 Valves 23318.1 Multiturn Valves 23318.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 23318.1.2 Gate Valve 23418.1.3 Globe Valve 23418.1.4 Pinch Valve 23518.1.5 Needle Valve 23518.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 23618.2.1 Ball Valve 23618.2.2 Butterfly Valve 23618.2.3 Plug Valve 23618.3 Self-Actuated Valves 23718.3.1 Check Valve 23718.3.2 Relief Valve 23818.4 Control Valves 23918.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 239References 240Further Reading 24019 Threaded Fittings 24119.1 Reducers: Contracting 24119.2 Reducers: Expanding 24119.3 Elbows 24219.4 Tees 24219.5 Couplings 24219.6 Valves 243Reference 243Further Reading 243Part III Flow Phenomena 24520 Cavitation 24720.1 The Nature of Cavitation 24720.2 Pipeline Design 24820.3 Net Positive Suction Head 24820.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH 24920.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 25020.4.1.1 Input Parameters 25020.4.1.2 Solution 25020.4.1.3 Results 25020.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 25120.4.2.1 Input Parameters 25120.4.2.2 Solution 25120.4.2.3 Results 25120.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation 25220.5.1 Input Parameters 25220.5.2 Calculations and Results 253Reference 253Further Reading 25421 Flow-induced Vibration 25521.1 Steady Internal Flow 25521.2 Steady External Flow 25521.3 Water Hammer 25621.4 Column Separation 258References 258Further Reading 25822 Temperature Rise 26122.1 Head Loss 26122.2 Pump Temperature Rise 26122.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance 26222.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up 26222.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature 262References 26323 Flow to Run Full 26523.1 Open Flow 26523.2 Full Flow 26623.3 Submerged Flow 26823.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application 269Further Reading 27024 Jet Pump Performance 27124.1 Performance Characteristics 27124.2 Mixing Section Model 27224.2.1 Momentum Balance 27324.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient 27324.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient 27324.2.4 Discharge Flow Density 27424.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity 27424.3 Component Flow Losses 27424.3.1 Surface Friction 27424.3.2 Loss Coefficients 27424.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths 27624.4.1 Drive Flow Path 27624.4.2 Suction Flow Path 27624.5 Flow Model Validation 27624.6 Example Problem: Water-Water Jet Pump 27824.6.1 Flow Conditions 27824.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry 27824.6.3 Preliminary Calculations 27824.6.4 Loss Coefficients 27924.6.5 Predicted Performance 28024.7 Parametric Studies 28124.7.1 Surface Finish Differences 28124.7.2 Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio Variation 28224.7.3 Density Differences 28224.7.4 Viscosity Differences 28224.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Representations 28324.8 Epilogue 283References 283Further Reading 283Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1Atmosphere 287Appendix B Pipe Size Data 291Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions 299Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations 311D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation 311D.2 The Lee-Kesler Equation 312D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 314D.4 Compressibility Chart 314Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Using Mach Number as a Parameter 319E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 319E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 324References 325Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations 327F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 327F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 329References 330Appendix G Speed of Sound in Water 331Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program 333Index 343

O autorze

Donald C. Rennels joined the Nuclear Energy Division of General Electric Company in 1971. His work included preparing technical design procedures and developing fluid flow models of reactor vessel internals and nuclear steam supply systems. He addressed hydraulic flow problems in the nuclear power industry worldwide. After retirement, Rennels served as a consultant at GE-Hitachi.