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An Economic Assessment of Policy Options To Reduce Agricultural Pollutants in the Chesapeake Bay
ISBN: 9781505398281 / Angielski / Miękka / 72 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment necessary to reverse declines in the Bay's quality and associated biological resources. Agriculture is the largest single source of nutrients and sediment in the watershed. We use data on crop and animal agriculture in the watershed to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative policy approaches for achieving the nutrient and sediment reduction goals of the TMDL, ranging from voluntary financial incentives to regulations. The cost of...
In 2010, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) was established for the Chesapeake Bay, defining the limits on emissions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sedim...
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Agriculture in the Trans-Pacific Partnership
ISBN: 9781505398328 / Angielski / Miękka / 60 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. The proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade and investment agreement under nego-tiation by 12 countries in the Pacific Rim, including the United States. This report assesses the potential impacts of eliminating all agricultural and nonagricultural tariffs and tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) under a TPP agreement on the region's agriculture in 2025-the assumed end date of the pact's implementation-compared with baseline values for 2025 without a TPP. Cutting tariffs is only one of the many goals of the TPP negotiations, but it is an important one for agricultural trade. The value of...
The proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade and investment agreement under nego-tiation by 12 countries in the Pacific Rim, including the ...
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Additionality in U.S. Agricultural Conservation and Regulatory Offset Programs
ISBN: 9781505398397 / Angielski / Miękka / 80 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Conservation payments lead to improvement in environmental quality only if farmers and ranchers who receive them adopt conservation practices that would not have been adopted without the payment. When a voluntary payment causes a change in practice(s) that lead(s) to improved environmental quality, these changes are "additional." We estimate this "additionality" for a number of common conservation practices that are frequently supported by existing conservation programs. We find that the level of additionality varies by practice and that additionality is high for structural and vegeta-tive...
Conservation payments lead to improvement in environmental quality only if farmers and ranchers who receive them adopt conservation practices that wou...
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Climate Change, Heat Stress, and U.S. Dairy Production
ISBN: 9781505398557 / Angielski / Miękka / 44 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. In the United States, climate change is likely to increase average daily temperatures and the frequency of heat waves, which can reduce meat and milk production in animals. Methods that livestock producers use to mitigate thermal stress-including modifica-tions to animal management or housing-tend to increase production costs and capital expenditures. Dairy cows are particularly sensitive to heat stress, and the dairy sector has been estimated to bear over half of the costs of current heat stress to the livestock industry. In this report, we use operation-level economic data coupled with...
In the United States, climate change is likely to increase average daily temperatures and the frequency of heat waves, which can reduce meat and milk ...
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Characteristics and Production Costs of U.S. Corn Farms, Including Organic
ISBN: 9781505398618 / Angielski / Miękka / 42 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Data from the 2010 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and ERS cost of production accounts present a snapshot of the production costs, production practices, and characteristics related to U.S. corn production in 2010. This study found consider-able variation in the operating and ownership costs for corn, ranging from an average of $1.74 per bushel for low-cost producers to $3.88 per bushel for high-cost producers. In 2010, high corn prices meant that most producers covered their corn production costs from harvest-month prices. The Heartland continues to be the major corn...
Data from the 2010 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and ERS cost of production accounts present a snapshot of the production costs, prod...
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Deconstructing Wheat Price Spikes: A Model of Supply and Demand, Financial Speculation, and Commodity Price Comovement
ISBN: 9781505398861 / Angielski / Miękka / 48 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. In 2008, wheat futures prices spiked and then crashed along with prices for other agri-cultural and nonagricultural commodities. Market observers offered several theories to explain this common movement, or comovement, in prices, and have proposed policies to address the perceived problem of excessive price volatility. The design of an appropriate policy response would benefit from a better understanding of the cause of the observed price movements. This study uses an econometric model to decompose observed wheat prices into a set of economic factors and measure the relative contribution of...
In 2008, wheat futures prices spiked and then crashed along with prices for other agri-cultural and nonagricultural commodities. Market observers offe...
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51,68 |
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Debt Use By U.S Farm Businesses, 1992-2011
ISBN: 9781505398922 / Angielski / Miękka / 24 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. This report is a primer on the use of debt by U.S. farm businesses for policymakers, researchers, and others interested in the financial well-being of U.S. agriculture. It pres-ents data on basic debt-use patterns by farm businesses (in 2011, over 900,000 farms oper-ated as farm businesses based on their size, organizational structure, or the occupation of their principal operator) and explores key trends over 20 years. U.S. farm debt use varies widely by farm size, specialization, operator age, and other farm characteristics. Large-scale farm businesses, farm businesses with younger...
This report is a primer on the use of debt by U.S. farm businesses for policymakers, researchers, and others interested in the financial well-being of...
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Coping Strategies in Response to Rising Food Prices: Evidence From India
ISBN: 9781505399011 / Angielski / Miękka / 30 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Food prices across the world rose dramatically between 2006 and 2008. The causes of the price rise were complex, and the event has led to heightened concerns regarding the implica-tions of rising food prices on the prevalence of food insecurity and household welfare, particu-larly in developing countries. Given widespread and chronic malnutrition in India and the country's large share of the world's total food-insecure population, this report estimates how Indian households coped with the rise in domestic food prices that accompanied global price patterns in 2006-08. Exploiting differential...
Food prices across the world rose dramatically between 2006 and 2008. The causes of the price rise were complex, and the event has led to heightened c...
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Global Drivers of Agricultural Demand and Supply
ISBN: 9781505399226 / Angielski / Miękka / 54 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Recent volatility in agricultural commodity prices and projections of world population growth raise concerns about the ability of global agricultural production to meet future demand. This report explores the potential for future agricultural production to 2050, using a model-based analysis that incorporates the key drivers of agricultural production, along with the responses of producers and consumers to changes to those drivers. Model results show that for a percentage change in population, global production and consumption of major field crops respond at nearly the same rate. In response...
Recent volatility in agricultural commodity prices and projections of world population growth raise concerns about the ability of global agricultural ...
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Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States
ISBN: 9781505399264 / Angielski / Miękka / 58 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. More than 15 years after their first successful commercial introduction in the United States, genetically engineered (GE) seeds have been widely adopted by U.S. corn, soybean, and cotton farmers. Still, some questions persist regarding the potential benefits and risks of GE crops. The report finds that, although the pace of research and develop-ment (measured by the number of USDA-approved field tests) peaked in 2002, other measures show that biotech firms continue to develop new GE seed varieties at a rapid pace. Also, U.S. farmers continue to adopt GE seeds at a robust rate, and seed...
More than 15 years after their first successful commercial introduction in the United States, genetically engineered (GE) seeds have been widely adopt...
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Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy Insurance: An Assessment of Risk Management and Potential Supply Impacts
ISBN: 9781505399455 / Angielski / Miękka / 30 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Public risk management policies for dairy producers have the potential to induce expan-sion in milk supplies, which might lower farm-level prices and offset risk-reduction benefits. An evaluation of USDA's Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy (LGM-Dairy) insur-ance program finds economic downside risk significantly reduced, with potential to induce modest supply expansion (0 to 3 percent) if widely adopted. Supply impacts are likely limited due to relatively low participation levels and a minimal ("inelastic") supply response to risk. LGM-Dairy is more flexible and convenient than other risk...
Public risk management policies for dairy producers have the potential to induce expan-sion in milk supplies, which might lower farm-level prices and ...
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Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops
ISBN: 9781505399851 / Angielski / Miękka / 84 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Pesticide use has changed considerably over the past five decades. Rapid growth char-acterized the first 20 years, ending in 1981. The total quantity of pesticides applied to the 21 crops analyzed grew from 196 million pounds of pesticide active ingredients in 1960 to 632 million pounds in 1981. Improvements in the types and modes of action of active ingredients applied along with small annual fluctuations resulted in a slight down-ward trend in pesticide use to 516 million pounds in 2008. These changes were driven by economic factors that determined crop and input prices and were influenced...
Pesticide use has changed considerably over the past five decades. Rapid growth char-acterized the first 20 years, ending in 1981. The total quantity ...
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Multi-Cropping Practices: Recent Trends in Double Cropping
ISBN: 9781505399929 / Angielski / Miękka / 24 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Over the last decade, growing demand for agricultural commodities-for both food and fuel-has increased the incentives for farm operators to increase production. One way to expand production and potentially increase the return to farming is by intensifying the use of existing cropland. One form of intensification is double cropping-the harvest of two crops from the same field in a given year. From 1999 to 2012 double cropping occurred on about 2 percent of total cropland in most years. Soybeans were, on average, the most common crop found on double-cropped acres over this time period, and, in...
Over the last decade, growing demand for agricultural commodities-for both food and fuel-has increased the incentives for farm operators to increase p...
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The Effects of Phytosanitary Regulations on U.S. Imports of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
ISBN: 9781505400137 / Angielski / Miękka / 44 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Since the late 1980s, multilateral and bilateral trade agreements have reduced tariff rates and worked to restrain the arbitrary use of nontariff measures, including sanitary and phytosanitary regulations. U.S. imports of fruits and vegetables have risen steadily dur-ing this period as more pathways (specific country-commodity combinations) for legal importation to the United States have gained approval, regulations for gaining import access have been streamlined, and treatment options for phytosanitary issues have been expanded. This report compares 2011 tariff rates with phytosanitary...
Since the late 1980s, multilateral and bilateral trade agreements have reduced tariff rates and worked to restrain the arbitrary use of nontariff meas...
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Technology, Organization, and Financial Performance in U.S. Broiler Production
ISBN: 9781505400175 / Angielski / Miękka / 52 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Broilers, young chickens bred for meat, account for nearly all U.S. chicken consumption. U.S. production of broilers grew rapidly until the mid-1990s, but growth then began to slow and production declined in 2009, with very modest growth since then. The industry's distinctive organization-with a high degree of vertical integration, nearly complete reliance on contract growers to raise chickens for poultry companies, and grower compensation based on relative performance-helped fuel growth in the early period, and growth provided good returns and low risks for growers. However, slowing growth...
Broilers, young chickens bred for meat, account for nearly all U.S. chicken consumption. U.S. production of broilers grew rapidly until the mid-1990s,...
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Rural Employment Trends in Recession and Recovery
ISBN: 9781505400205 / Angielski / Miękka / 36 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. This report examines the effects of the recent major recession and gradual recovery on county employment and unemployment rates, with an emphasis on rural America. The recession was marked by a 6-percent contraction in nonfarm employment and a doubling of the national unemployment rate between 2007 and 2009. Geographic variation in both the employment effects of the recession and the pace of job growth during the recovery has been striking, with large differences between regions, between metro and nonmetro counties, and between more and less rural nonmetro counties. We document these...
This report examines the effects of the recent major recession and gradual recovery on county employment and unemployment rates, with an emphasis on r...
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Prevalence of U.S. Food Insecurity Is Related to Changes in Unemployment, Inflation, and the Price of Food
ISBN: 9781505400267 / Angielski / Miękka / 34 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. This report examines the extent to which year-to-year changes in the prevalence of U.S. house-hold food insecurity can be explained by changes in the national unemployment rate, inflation, and the price of food relative to other goods and services. Data are from the 2001-12 Current Population Survey Food Security Supplements and statistics on employment and prices from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Understanding the strength and consistency of these associations can broaden understanding of how national and household economic conditions affect food insecurity. As an example, the report...
This report examines the extent to which year-to-year changes in the prevalence of U.S. house-hold food insecurity can be explained by changes in the ...
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Working the Land With 10 Acres: Small Acreage Farming in the United States
ISBN: 9781505400458 / Angielski / Miękka / 30 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. According to the U.S. Census of Agriculture, 294,000 farms operated on 10 or fewer acres in 2007. While most small acreage (SA) operations did very little farming, approximately 50,000 SA farms had gross sales of $10,000 or more in 2007; 3,600 reported grossing $500,000 or more. Thus, a limited land base does not necessarily translate into low sales. This report focuses on SA farms, especially those grossing $10,000 or more in a given year, and examines such characteristics as production strategies, types of products, sales, household income, and financial performance. The 46,000 SA farms...
According to the U.S. Census of Agriculture, 294,000 farms operated on 10 or fewer acres in 2007. While most small acreage (SA) operations did very li...
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51,68 |
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Vietnam's Agri-Food Sector and the Trans-Pacific Partnership
ISBN: 9781505400489 / Angielski / Miękka / 38 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a gradualist approach to market reform and steadily pursued trade agreements under a strategy of export-led growth. The country has since emerged as one of Asia's dynamic economies and a growing market for agri-food trade. The proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is Vietnam's next step toward increased economic integration. This report provides an overview of Vietnam's agri-food sector and an analysis of its trade with potential TPP partners. Examination of Vietnam's trade and tariff structure suggests modest agricul-tural trade growth potential from the...
In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a gradualist approach to market reform and steadily pursued trade agreements under a strategy of export-led growth. The c...
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51,68 |
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The Impacts of Reforms to the Public Distribution System in India's Chhattisgarh on Food Security
ISBN: 9781505400540 / Angielski / Miękka / 32 str. Termin realizacji zamówienia: ok. 5-8 dni roboczych. Although a rapidly growing developing country, India has a larger food-insecure population than all of Sub-Saharan Africa. Given the prevalence of chronic malnutrition, the Government of India spent nearly 1 percent of the gross domestic product in the past year on the Public Distribution System (PDS), its system of subsidies for food grains and other essential commodities. Despite the importance of effective food aid in the country, a large share of PDS food grains do not reach their intended beneficiaries. However, the Indian State of Chhattisgarh instituted a number of PDS reforms in the...
Although a rapidly growing developing country, India has a larger food-insecure population than all of Sub-Saharan Africa. Given the prevalence of chr...
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51,68 |
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