Number system and codes: Binary Number base conversion, Octal and hexadecimal numbers, complements, signed binary numbers, binary codes-BCD codes, gray codes, ASCII Character Code, codes for serial data transmission and storage. Boolean Algebra and Logic gates: Axiomatic definition of boolean Algebra. Property of Boolean Algebra, boolean functions, Canonical and standard form; min terms and max terms, standard forms; Digital Logic Gates, Multiple inputs. Gate level Minimization: The Map Method, K Map up to five variables, Product of Sum simplification, Sum of Product simplification. NAND and...

One of the limiting factors of personal computers is the primary use of such devices as isolated workstations. This means that in most organizations it is difficult for personal computer users to share data and the use of peripheral devices, since such sharing normally requires physical activity to occur. Both the direct economic benefits of sharing data and the use of peripheral devices as well as productivity gains resulting from the integration of personal computers into a common network have contributed to an increasing demand for local area network. Local area networks, generally called...

Système de numération et codes : Conversion de la base des nombres binaires, nombres octaux et hexadécimaux, compléments, nombres binaires signés, codes binaires - codes BCD, codes gris, code de caractères ASCII, codes pour la transmission et le stockage de données en série. Algèbre booléenne et portes logiques : Définition axiomatique de l'algèbre de Boole. Propriétés de l'algèbre booléenne, fonctions booléennes, formes canonique et standard ; termes min et max, formes standard ; portes logiques numériques, entrées multiples. Minimisation au niveau des portes : La méthode...

Humans make errors in their thoughts, in their actions, and in the products that might result from their actions.Humans can make errors in any field. Ex: observation, in speech, in medical prescription, in surgery, in driving, in sports, in love and similarly even in software development.Example:An instructor administers a test to determine how well the students have understood what the instructor wanted to conveyA tennis coach administers a test to determine how well the understudy makes a serve.

Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience. We have a model defined up to some parameters, and learning is the execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the model using the training data or past experience. The model may be predictive to make predictions in the future, or descriptive to gain knowledge from data, or both. Arthur Samuel, an early American leader in the field of computer gaming and artificial intelligence, coined the term "Machine Learning" in 1959 while at IBM. He defined machine...

The World Wide Web allows computer users to locate and view multimedia-based documents (i.e., documents with text, graphics, animations, audios or videos) on almost any subject. Even though the Internet was developed more than three decades ago, the introduction of the World Wide Web is a relatively recent event. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European Laboratory for Particle Physics) developed the World Wide Web and several communication protocols that form the backbone of the Web.The Internet and the World Wide Web surely will be listed among the most important and profound creations...

In conventional IT architectures, storage devices are normally only connected to a single server. To increase fault tolerance, storage devices are sometimes connected to two servers, with only one server actually able to use the storage device at any one time. In both cases, the storage device exists only in relation to the server to which it is connected. Other servers cannot directly access the data; they always have to go through the server that is connected to the storage device. This conventional IT architecture is therefore called server-centric IT architecture. In this approach,...

Les humains commettent des erreurs dans leurs pensées, dans leurs actions et dans les produits qui peuvent résulter de leurs actions.Les humains peuvent commettre des erreurs dans tous les domaines : observation, discours, prescription médicale, chirurgie, conduite automobile, sport, amour et même développement de logiciels.Exemple :Un instructeur administre un test pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les étudiants ont compris ce que l'instructeur voulait leur transmettreUn entraîneur de tennis fait passer un test pour déterminer la qualité du service de sa doublure.

The field of robotics has its origins in science fiction. The term robot was derived from the English translation of a fantasy play written in Czechoslovakia around 1920. It took another 40 years before the modern technology of industrial robotics began. Today Robots are highly automated mechanical manipulators controlled by computers. We survey some of the science fiction stories about robots, and we trace the historical development of robotics technology. Let us begin our chapter by defining the term robotics and establishing its place in relation to other types of industrial...