Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and spasticity due to motor neuron degeneration. Symptoms progress from focal weakness to difficulties in speaking, swallowing, and breathing, with eventual paralysis. The disease arises from mechanisms such as disrupted RNA metabolism (e.g., TDP-43 and FUS mutations), cytoskeletal and axonal transport defects (e.g., PFN1, TUBA4A mutations), excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. While incurable, treatments like Riluzole and Edaravone can modestly slow...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 10 million people worldwide, with prevalence rising with age. It is characterized by motor symptoms like bradykinesia and rigidity, and non-motor symptoms driven by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Key pathological features include alpha-synuclein aggregation into Lewy bodies, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.As PD progresses, dopamine depletion worsens, leading to advanced motor complications and non-motor impairments. Current treatments...

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration, leading to increased fracture risk. Multiple factors contribute to its pathogenesis, including hormonal deficiencies (estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormone), metabolic imbalances, chronic inflammation, glucocorticoid therapy, and lifestyle-related influences. Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a significant role in osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation, promoting osteoclast activity via the RANKL-OPG pathway, impairing calcium absorption, and disrupting vitamin D...

Phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, are essential plant-derived metabolites with profound health benefits. Their various subclasses-including flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids, flavanols, and anthocyanins-exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, cardio-protective, and anti-cancer effects. These bioactive compounds play a crucial role in disease prevention and overall health promotion by modulating oxidative stress, improving vascular function, and supporting immune defense. Given their natural abundance in...

La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est une affection neurodégénérative courante qui touche plus de 10 millions de personnes dans le monde et dont la prévalence augmente avec l'âge. Elle se caractérise par des symptômes moteurs tels que la bradykinésie et la rigidité, et des symptômes non moteurs dus à la perte de neurones dopaminergiques dans la substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Les principales caractéristiques pathologiques sont l'agrégation de l'alpha-synucléine en corps de Lewy, le dysfonctionnement mitochondrial, le stress oxydatif et la neuroinflammation.Au fur et à mesure...

Die Parkinson-Krankheit (PD) ist eine häufige neurodegenerative Erkrankung, von der weltweit über 10 Millionen Menschen betroffen sind, wobei die Prävalenz mit zunehmendem Alter steigt. Sie ist gekennzeichnet durch motorische Symptome wie Bradykinesie und Steifheit sowie nicht-motorische Symptome, die auf den Verlust dopaminerger Neuronen in der Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) zurückzuführen sind. Zu den wichtigsten pathologischen Merkmalen gehören die Aggregation von Alpha-Synuclein zu Lewy-Körpern, mitochondriale Dysfunktion, oxidativer Stress und Neuroinflammation.Mit dem...