Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a major global public health concern, with a rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide. Here, we focus on a comprehensive overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition and classification into various forms such as type 1 diabetes (idiopathic and fulminant), type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hybrid forms, slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes, and other specific types. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is discussed, with particular emphasis on key inflammatory mediators...

Diabetes mellitus hat sich zu einem wichtigen globalen Problem der öffentlichen Gesundheit entwickelt, dessen Prävalenz weltweit rapide zunimmt. Hier geben wir einen umfassenden Überblick über Diabetes mellitus, einschließlich seiner Definition und Klassifizierung in verschiedene Formen wie Typ-1-Diabetes (idiopathisch und fulminant), Typ-2-Diabetes, Schwangerschaftsdiabetes, Mischformen, sich langsam entwickelnder immunvermittelter Diabetes, zu Ketose neigender Typ-2-Diabetes und andere spezifische Formen. Die Rolle von Entzündungen in der Pathogenese von Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes wird...

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential dietary lipids that play central roles in cellular structure, metabolic regulation, immune function, and inflammatory signaling. Over recent decades, extensive experimental and clinical research has clarified the mechanisms through which these fatty acids influence human health and disease. This book provides an integrative overview of the physiological and pathological roles of omega-3 PUFAs-particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-while also addressing the complex, context-dependent effects...

Insulin resistance is characterized by a reduced cellular response to insulin, mainly due to impaired glucose uptake, diminished glycogen synthesis, and altered glucose metabolism. It predominantly affects skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, leading to disrupted glucose and lipid homeostasis. Skeletal muscle shows reduced glucose disposal, adipose tissue exhibits increased lipolysis and inflammatory mediator release, and the liver demonstrates impaired glucose suppression with enhanced lipid accumulation and VLDL secretion. Insulin resistance also compromises endothelial function by...

Moringa oleifera emerges as a highly valuable medicinal plant distinguished by its rich diversity of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, vitamins, and essential minerals. These constituents collectively underpin its broad therapeutic spectrum, offering potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies demonstrates that Moringa supports metabolic balance, attenuates oxidative...