The purpose of this book is to understand the interferences in total and differential photo detachment cross sections of negative ions with and without the presence of a reflecting wall. photodetachment is a process in which a laser photon detaches an electron from a negative ion. This detached-electron then goes into an outgoing wave and the wave propagates away from the ion core. Far from the ion core, the wave propagates according to semiclassical mechanics, and it is correlated with classical trajectories. The wave fronts are perpendicular to the trajectories, and the waves propagate...

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has drawn significant attention with respect to its applications in several scientific fields, varying from big data handling to medical diagnosis. A tremendous transformation has taken place with the emerging application of AI. AI can provide a wide range of solutions to address many challenges in civil engineering. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques for Civil Engineering highlights the latest technologies and applications of AI in structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and more. It...