This book examines the military legal system of Communist China. This system has, since its inception in 1927, fulfilled a number of broad, nontraditional functions. Besides the general function of maintaining order and discipline common to all military legal systems, Communist China's system operates to maintain the political dominance of the Chinese Communist Party over the military, as well as to achieve the Party's wider policy objectives. This book concludes that recent developments in the military legal system have, within limitations imposed by the Chinese Communist Party, greatly...

Carbon dioxide and other atmospheric gases--the so-called "greenhouse gases"-trap some of the sun's heat near the Earth, creating the climatic conditions that make life possible. Some investigators believe that rising concentrations of these gases, largely resulting from human activities, may cause an increase in the Earth's average temperatures that could have severe economic and ecological effects. Although there is great uncertainty about the extent to which such global warming is likely to occur, what its effects might be, and the costs of efforts to slow the progress of warming, the...

The law of armed conflict requires combatants to distinguish between the civilian population and civilian objects, and military objectives with attacks only permitted against the latter. This principle of distinction becomes more difficult when objects are used for both civilian and military purposes. During Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, the media constituted such a dual use. Through the process of embedding, the mass media provided unprecedented coverage of the war, often in real-time, to an international audience. However, the media also provided a definite military advantage to the United...

Deep convection in the oceans, particularly at high latitudes, plays an important role in the climate systems of the world's oceans and atmosphere. This study was conducted to examine atmospheric forcing effects on deep convection in the Labrador Sea. The Naval Postgraduate School one dimensional ocean mixed layer model was applied to the Labrador Sea from February 12 to March 10, 1997. The model was initialized and forced with oceanographic and atmospheric data collected onboard the RN Knorr during the first field program of the Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment. An ocean mixed layer...

In December 1993, the Department of Defense issued directives that revised the military's exclusionary policy toward homosexuals. These directives marked the culmination of an intense period of public debate that placed little emphasis on the moral dimension of homosexuality. The objective of this book is to determine if personal religious beliefs of military members influence their responses to policies that they perceive to involve morality, specifically with regard to the 1993 proposal to integrate homosexuals into the military. The research approach involves two phases: a review of the...

As espionage is ancient, so is counterintelligence. The Chinese military theorist Sun Tzu stated the principle in the fourth century B.C.: "It is essential to seek out enemy agents who have come to conduct espionage against you. . . ." I Today, over two millenia later, the battle is still being waged.

On March 29, 1949, a subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee, consisting of Senators Raymond E. Baldwin (chairman) Estes Kefauver, and Lester 0.Hunt, was appointed to consider Senate Resolution 42. This resolution was introduced for the purpose of securing consideration of certain charges which had been made concerning the conduct of the prosecution in the Malmedy atrocity case and to effectuate a thorough study of the court procedures and post- trial reviews of the case. It must be clearly understood that the function of this subcommittee is a legislative one only. It is not the...

The relationship between U.S. and U.S.S.R. arms transfers to Third world nations and its effects on the maintenance of regime stability was examined. This book uses the focused comparison approach to examine three U.S. cases (Vietnam 1960-1975, the Philippines 1950-1989, and El Salvador 1960-1989) and three U.S.S.R. cases (Afghanistan 1950-1989, Vietnam 1976-1989, and Nicaragua 1979-1989). The U.S. and the Soviet cases were chosen due to the intuitive similarities found in the supplier nation's involvement with the recipient Third World nation. The trend in the amounts of arms transfers was...

Reverse proxy servers are valuable assets to defend outside hosts from seeing the internal network structure upon which the reverse proxy is serving. They are frequently used to protect valuable files, systems, and internal users from external users while still providing services to outside hosts. Another aspect of reverse proxies is that they can be installed remotely by malicious actors onto compromised machines in order to service malicious content while masking where the content is truly hosted. Reverse proxies interact over the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is delivered via...

This book examines the lessons the U.S. Army drew from the war in Vietnam and how these lessons influence current Army attitudes toward peace operations. The book finds that the Army's failure in Vietnam contributes not only to the Army's aversion toward peace operations, but also to its reluctance to participate in any limited war. It posits that culture has explanatory power in describing the Army's attitudes and policies toward peace operations. This work examines the development of the lessons of Vietnam, especially the emergence of the "never-again" school by surveying the articles...