Since the very beginning of American history, African Americans have served alongside their white counterparts in virtually every major armed conflict on the high seas. This was especially true during the Civil War. The Union Navy continued to experience a shortage of available manpower to sufficiently man its fleet of 600 plus ships. Life aboard naval vessels was particularly harsh and naval recruiters did not hesitate to enlist African Americans. The African American sailor saw his service as an opportunity to rise above the status of social discrimination and segregation. Because of the...

In studying the varying effects of terrorism on US foreign policy, the intent of the analysis presented in this paper was to glean lessons from America's past that may be applied in its future struggle against terrorism. Case studies included attacks in Beirut in 1983, West Germany in 1986, and New York and Washington in 2001. The study concluded that terrorism contributed to a complete failure of US policy objectives in Lebanon. Additionally, the American experience with Libyan terrorism, capped by the attack on the La Belle Discoteque in 1986, helped to first introduce military force as a...

Benedict Arnold was a rebel, a patriot, a supremely brave battlefield commander, and George Washington's most favored general. Beyond those accolades Arnold was "no bit actor but a marquee performer in establishing the conditions that ultimately brought victory to the American cause." Benedict Arnold's name will always be synonymous with that of traitor, but his ultimate contribution should be remembered as that of "key to the success of the American Revolution."

Did "Fighting Joe" Hooker of the army of the Potomac lose his nerve during the Chancellorsville Campaign of 1863? Perhaps history has failed to recognize Major General Joseph Hooker's true commander's intent for this campaign. Hooker's intent was simple: maneuver forces to Lee's flank and rear in order to force a withdrawal of Confederate troops from Fredericksburg. Hooker had no intention of engaging in a "risky confrontation" with General Robert E. Lee and the army of northern Virginia. Hooker's plan would fail due to his own steadfast belief in the ability of his plan to force Lee to...

The citizen soldier ideal was the driving force behind Alden Partridge's educational experiment. He wanted officers who would be "identified in views, in feelings and in interest, with the great body of the community," and a college that would reconcile the efficiency and discipline demanded by a regular army with the republican values and popular sentiments inherent in the militia system. Norwich University provided the union army a vehicle by which volunteer officers could be trained to lead and fight. This book examines the contribution of Norwich University and its graduates to the union...

This book examines the genesis of the term genocide, presents the widely accepted formal definition, and illustrates examples of the characteristics of genocide. As an illustration for better understanding, this book examines the relationship between the United States of America and the Cherokee Indian Nation in their struggle first for sovereignty and then their attempt at assimilation. Though the book leads the reader through injustices dealt to the Cherokee Indian, it ultimately explains why genocide is not the applicable term to use to describe the natural progression of civilized...

Contrary to conventional wisdom, the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-1976 extended the conflict and caused then President Hafiz al-Assad to fail in achieving his long-term strategic objectives. In 1975, Civil War in Lebanon broke out. The following year, 35,000 Syrian troops entered the country and remain there today. Syrian President Hafiz al- Assad had five strategic goals in Lebanon: (1) Prevention of a radical regime from gaining power; (2) Securing the Syrian western flank from Israeli invasion; (3) Controlling the Palestinian Liberation Organization; (4) Gaining...

ABSTRACT (MAXIMUM 200 WORDS) To meet best the needs posed by today's national security environment and constrained economy America's federal law enforcement sector must undergo legislative changes to coordinate investigations more effectively, foster a collaborative culture, and promote cost-effective practices. Four key federal law enforcement agencies from DOJ and DHS confront contemporary and formidable threats to America's security, however legislation is needed to improve their interagency efforts. In particular, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; Drug Enforcement...

The Soviet Union is well-known for its development of operations as the linkage between tactics and strategy, and its application as operational art. The Red Army's development of deep battle during the interwar years and its refinement during World War II is an exceptional example of operational art and a testament to the genius of the Soviet Union's military theorists. Soviet-style operational art grew from an ideological concept at a heoretical level, to a political controlled strategic doctrine, emerged as an offensive biased operational mindset, and, if Finland is overlooked, resulted in...

Joshua Chamberlains superior command leadership, imaginative planning, and aggressive conduct during the Civil War provide a powerful example of exceptional combat leadership. After studying the descriptions laid down by Clausewitz and then studying the decisions and actions of Joshua Chamberlain in the events in which he was involved during the Civil War, Joshua Chamberlain as a general would qualify for the title of "genius." Joshua Chamberlain's genius residing in his outlook on management and leadership also tended toward the pragmatic. Far from being influenced primarily by irrelevant...