Tuberculosis remains a world wide public health problem despite the fact that causative organism was discovered more than hundred years ago and highly effective drugs are available making tuberculosis a preventable and curable disease. According to conservative estimates one third of the worlds population is infected with tuberculosis. There are 15 - 20 millions cases of infectious tuberculosis in the word. This infectious pool is maintained by the occurrence of 4 - 5 million new cases. The magnitude of the problem is such that WHO declared it a global emergency in 1993. More...

Prisoner department of the Punjab consist of 29 Jails, out of which two are situated in Multan. Currently 52,596 prisoners confined in a space with official accommodation capacity of 17,413. To find out the prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis(PTB), a descriptive cross sectional study was conducted involving 35 prisoners. A semi structured interview questionnaire was designed to determine client's satisfaction. A checklist was designed to assess health facilities and TB case management. Study was conducted in November-December 2008. And January-February 2009 All patients who were present at...

Breathing other peoples smoke is called passive, involuntary or second-hand smoking. It has two types: 1. Side stream smoking: from burning up of the cigarette. 2. Mainstream smoking: inhaled and exhaled by smoker. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution.Tobacco smoke contains over 4000 chemicals in the form of particles and gases. Multan (Pakistan) has one of the highest prevalence of passive smoking among women of the East. The objectives are to assess the trend of passive smoking during pregnancy in a five-year period and the determinants of passive...

Fungi are simple vegetative structures. They lack chlorophyll and cannot conduct photosynthesis. Fungi are characterized by the formation of filaments or hyphae, which branch and interwine to form a dense net of growth. The mycelium represents the colony of a fungus. This matlike growth made of mycelium with its spores constitutes an irregular rudimentary plant called fungus. This is not differentiated into roots, stems or leaves. They are saprophytes as well as parasites, are extremely common and have worldwide distribution, only a few being pathogenic. Mycosis is acquired by inhalation of...

Beside tuberculosis, awareness about chest disease is increasing and more non-tuberculosis lung infections are being recognized. Pulmonary Mycosis is not uncommon; a clinical study of pulmonary mycosis was undertaken in Nishtar Medical College and Hospital Multan, Pakistan. In our study the incidence of pulmonary mycosis is 8.2 percent among the patients suffering from respiratory diseases. The peak incidence was observed in the age group of 21-30 years. The incidence of pulmonary mycosis is 8.2 percent and statistically higher in male as compared to female (P

The text Book of "Research Methodology & Field Work Management" (RM & FWM) focuses on research methods in clinical researches. It is designed to prepare postgraduate students to evaluate published research in their area of interest and to design their own research projects. Topics to be covered include: identifying major areas of clinical & applied research, specifying criteria for evaluation of research reports, deciding on the paradigm, stating a purpose for the study, identifying the research question and hypotheses, using theory, researching/writing the literature review, designing...

The Study "An Endoscopic Evaluation of Acute Dysphagia Due To Mechanical Obstruction In South Punjab Pakistan" was conducted from January to December 2005. This study was carried out to find the common causes of mechanical dysphagia. 50 cases were screened to see the dysphagia due to the mechanical obstruction.28 (56%) were males and 22 (44%) were females. Foreign body in esophagus was seen in 3 patients (6%) 2 female and one male. Two patients (4%) had esophageal web, both patients were female and upper part of oesophagus was involved in both of them. Two (4%) patients have normal esophagus...

The text Book of "A Guide to Biostatistics" focuses on research data analysis in clinical researches. It is designed to prepare postgraduate students to create published research in their area of interest and to design and analyze their own research projects. Topics to be covered include: identifying data analysis in major areas of clinical & applied research, specifying criteria for evaluation of research data, deciding on the significance of the study, stating a sample size for the study, identifying the research data and hypotheses, using theory, Students will have developed...