Surge Advance Prediction and Evaluation 'SAPE' model was developed empirically and presented for comparing and field evaluation of surge and continuous irrigation. The empirical approach presented in this book certainly helps researcher, scientists, students and farm manger in the efficient utilization and management of water in field irrigated environment. The author has presented his research work chapter wise in this technical book that is extracted from PhD thesis entitled, "Development and Calibration of Surge Irrigation Performance Evaluation Model. At the end of this book, a list of...

Salinity is the dissolved salt content in soil or water and is a major issue in irrigated agriculture. Field experiments were conducted to study the soil moisture and soil salinity pattern at different locations for furrow-bed and furrow-ridge irrigated wheat crop. Results were compared to border irrigation. Wheat was sown on plot size of 55.5m X 7.31m having loam soil. Traditional flat sowing was accomplished with row to row distance of 23cm using seed drill and two rows of wheat planted manually on both 30 cm x 60 cm wide furrow-bed and 45cm wide furrow-ridge. Four irrigations...

SURGE-RING INFILTROMETER was developed and tested in the field for creating desire set of on-off time's periods in estimating infiltration during surges. A simple straightforward technique was also developed in simulating surges infiltration using first surge and subsequent surges limited surge-ring infiltrometer data. This was done by modifying famous Lewis-Kostiakov equation and named, "Azeemi- surge Infiltration Model." The technique presented in this book certainly helps researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers for planning surge irrigation studies in efficient utilization of...

Wastewater irrigation is emerging as an alternative of water scarcity in the areas where drains carrying municipal and industrial effluent. The present study aimed at comparing the environmental impacts on soil and groundwater, and associated health hazards involved as a result of the application of wastewater and fresh water (canal water). Variables studied were pH, EC, SAR, RSC, TDS, heavy metals (Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Co, Fe, Zn) and biological parameters like Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform (E-Coli). The results are presented in this book that certainly enhance learning among...

A pilot area was selected for detailed investigation in exploring the Impacts on ground water quality of the city due to leaching of septic tanks and the effluent flowing in the open channels. Regular monitoring of groundwater quality in the selected areas was done for three consecutive years 2005 to 2007 and then in year 2008 some samples from crucial sites were also collected and tested. Field investigation was made to quantify the extent of groundwater contamination and to evaluate their impact on human health in local environment. Variables studied were Na, Mg and TDS and Total...

Power Generation is essentially required for improving and maintaining the infrastructure of the overall development of a nation. It is the tool to forge the economic growth of any country. Spat Gah-Gabarband Gah valleys consisted of Upper Spat Gah (US), Middle Gabarband (MG), both with dams, and Lower SpatGah (LS) stage as a runoff river scheme and run almost parallel in east west direction for about 30 km, up to their zenith at elevation 2800 m. The project aims for development of a high head hydropower scheme, located on the left bank of the Indus River in Kohistan district ...

Power Generation is essentially required for improving and maintaining the infrastructure of the overall development of a nation. It is the tool to forge the economic growth of any country. Ghazi-Barotha is a runoff river hydropower project located at downstream of Tarbela and on left bank of Indus River. The project was studied to feasibility level in 1990, implementation was started in 1995 and now in operation since 2003. The project is being operated with full capacity during peak hours but be influenced by Kalabagh reservoir during August to March. The reduction in head to...

Purpose of study was to quantify canal water distribution and its impact on income of the farmers in selected watercourse of 3-R distributary before and after the remodeling of outlets. The study was conducted on 3-R distributary of subsystem 6 in district Bahwalnagar of Punjab, Pakistan. Total 9 watercourses were selected of subsystem 6 of 3-R distributary. The subsystem 6 was divided into 3 reaches i.e. the Head, Middle and Tail reaches, and three watercourses were selected in every reach of field study. For every watercourse, Farmers interview at head, middle and tail ends was ...

Natural streams are always considered as an easy way to dispose-off many kinds of waste water effluent. Sewage water is discharged into the river at some places and under low flow conditions in river, the waste water in channel causes swear hazardous problems to the nearby communities. Thus, its very important to determine the quality and quantity interchanging from river to adjoining flow domain. Present study was conducted near River Ravi at Lahore.Overall results are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm...

Groundwater is equally important to meet
the rapidly expanding need in agricultural sector and its
quantification is necessity for efficient and sustainable
groundwater resource development and management. The
availability of recharge estimation techniques differ
climatically and hence need a well-defined methodology for
presenting different recharge processes and its
adoptability after verification of results. Three methods
(Gravimetric, rainfall runoff and water table fluctuation)
...