This book analyzes the three questions in political competition: Who wins? What position does a candidate take? Why are some candidates policy- oriented but others are valence-oriented? Chapter 2 attempts to answer these questions by presenting a formal model that brings the spatial theory of voting and empirical studies together. The model specifies electoral competition as revolving around candidates positions and valences. Two candidates spend their resources on valences to sway citizens voting decisions but they are constrained by their party activists providing them with electoral...