The public health risks posed by automotive particulate emissions are well known. Such particles are sufficiently small to reach the deepest regions of the lungs; and moreover act as carriers for many potentially toxic substances. Historically, diesel engines have been singled out in this regard, but recent research shows the need to consider particulate emissions from gasoline engines as well. Already implicated in more than one respiratory disease, the strongest evidence in recent times points to particle-mediated cardiovascular disorders (strokes and heart attacks). Accordingly,...

The Method of Lines (MOL) is a versatile approach to obtaining numerical solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) as they appear in dynamic and static problems. This method, popular in science and engineering, essentially reduces PDEs to a set of ordinary differential equations that can be integrated using standard numerical integration methods. Its significant advantage is that the analysis algorithms follow the physical wave propagation and are therefore efficient. This is because the fields on the discretisation lines are described by generalised transmission line (GTL)...

Since publication of the first edition of Computer Relaying for Power Systems in 1988, computer relays have been widely accepted by power engineers throughout the world and in many countries they are now the protective devices of choice.

The authors have updated this new edition with the latest developments in technology and applications such as adaptive relaying, wide area measurements, signal processing, new GPS-based measurement techniques and the application of artificial intelligence to digital relays. New material also includes sigma-delta and oversampling A/D...