IMF conditionality has been severely criticised by developing countries, who accuse the Fund of unjustly provoking political turmoil and causing poverty. This refers to the policies that a member country is required to follow in order to be able to use the Fund's resources. Conditionality is legally based on the requirement to adopt adequate safeguards' for the use of resources as stipulated by the IMF's Articles of Agreement.
This work focuses on legal implications and policy aspects and, more specifically, on the question of how far-reaching the requirement of adequate safeguards' may...

In offering a critical analysis of the writings of Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1673-1743) - the eminent Dutch jurist known traditionally as a positivist', in the history of international law - this work goes beyond an analysis of the classics' per se to clarify some basic questions concerning the history of international law, such as the relationship between legal doctrine and state practice and the reconsideration of methodological differences among historical figures like Grotius, Pufendorf, and Vattel. It also covers some fundamental problems of international law generally, such as the...

This book is a record of the international symposium held at the Kyoto International Conference Hall to mark the centennial of the Japanese Association of International Law. The purpose of the symposium was to reflect on past Japanese practice, to analyze current problems affecting Japan, and to seek to clarify the future role of Japan in the global community, in terms of international law. After joining the international community in the middle of the nineteenth century, Japan adopted a policy of wealth creation and armament in order to maintain its independence against the expanding Western...

Immigration law continues to be an issue of substantial interest in the European Union. The institutions and the Member States are formulating the type of immigration law which the Union will have following the substantial move of competence in the field from Member State level to the Union with the amendments to the EC Treaty introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999. This is a particularly important period within which to take stock of the existing immigration law of the European Union and how it has been developed. In order to understand the current law and lay the foundations for the...

There has long been an advocacy for the sociology of international law, and yet it has never been constructed so systematically and axiomatically as in this book. Based on vital terms such as 'action' and 'system, ' this book has conducted an investigation into the 'auspices' or the fundamental international sociological conditions over which international law is built, and accordingly, into how international law can control global relations.
The significance of this work lies in its aim of showing by the application of a consistent logic, how complex observed phenomena can be explained...

In view of the practices of the Second World War, international society could no longer be under the principles of traditional international law. The United Nations was conceived to preserve peace through the execution of "no use of force." To meet the reality of wartime collaboration in each region, it adopted self-defense as the basis for individual action. The postwar international legal order has been realized through self-defense as an intermediate function between the individual and collective, as provided under article 51 of the UN Charter. Japan recovered her independence by...

The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women - as other international instruments - was negotiated in an international and multicultural context by diplomats and politicians from a number of countries. It dealt with a highly sensitive issue, the position and role of women in society and in the political decision-making process. The vast number of extensive reservations to the Convention bear witness to the fact that this is possibly one of the most contentious topics at the international level. Few other core universal human rights conventions...

This monograph analyses the historical evolution of the laws of occupation as a special branch of international humanitarian law (IHL), focusing on the extent to which this body of law has been transformed by its interaction with the development of international human rights law. It argues that a large part of the laws of occupation has proved to be malleable while being able to accommodate changing demands of civilians and any other persons affected by occupation in modern context. Its examinations have drawn much on archival research into the drafting documents of the instruments of IHL,...