Seals or caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the migration of hydrocarbons and trapping them over geological time scales. These sealing properties are achieved by the fact these rocks have pore sizes on the order of a few micrometers to a few nanometers which makes their permeability extremely low, on the order of a few nano-Darcy. These rock formations are crucial to current technologies like underground geological carbon sequestration that requires a secure site to store and contain CO2 in a high porosity, high permeability reservoir (e.g....

A dawn-dusk asymmetry implies that a particular process or feature is more pronounced at one side of a planet than the other. For example, recent observations indicate that Earth's magnetopause is thicker at dawn than at dusk. Likewise, auroral breakups at Earth are more likely to occur in the pre-midnight than post-midnight sectors. Dawn-dusk asymmetries are ubiquitous features of the plasma environment of many of the planets in our solar system. Increasing availability of remotely sensed and in situ measurements of planetary ionospheres, magnetospheres and their interfaces to the solar...