3 There are other trends in the attempt to meld evolution and development which immodesty permits me to add. I have been concerned over the years with the selection forces which might have produced larger organisms and therefore a development of increasing complexity. This is nowhere more evident than in the multiple evolutionary origins of multicellularity and all the variety of developmental mechanics that have gone with it. (I discuss this and related themes in various places, but see especially The Evolution of Development (1958; (1)) and Size and Cycle (1965; (2)). To some degree these...
3 There are other trends in the attempt to meld evolution and development which immodesty permits me to add. I have been concerned over the years with...
need for an interdisciplinary approach to research, although scientifically desirable and laudable, is not easily met by the individual investigator, a statement which I must now qualify lest it be taken as a faint-hearted view of the problems which confront us in this or any other field of disease-orientated re search. In recent years the growth and scope of MS research parallels, in fact reflects, that which has occurred more generally concern ing research at all levels of complexity into the nature and modes of operation of the nervous systems of different animals. With respect to these...
need for an interdisciplinary approach to research, although scientifically desirable and laudable, is not easily met by the individual investigator, ...
the oleic acid on a live and wriggling sister or mother and refrain from evicting her from our hive. But does the occur rence of unintelligent behavior suffice to demonstrate the total absence of mental experience under any circumstances? Ethologists from some distant galaxy could easily discern ex amples of stupid and maladaptive behavior in our own species. But do instances of human stupidity prove that none of us is ever consciously aware of what he is dOing? No available evi dence compels us to believe that insects, or any other animals, experience any sort of consciousness, or...
the oleic acid on a live and wriggling sister or mother and refrain from evicting her from our hive. But does the occur rence of unintelligent behavio...
normal and pathological mineralization in vertebrates but also with the interesting problems involved in the formation of in tracellular deposits of calcium oxalate in plants. Here cal cium carbonate and silica may also be involved in the mineral ization processes. Calcium carbonate is an important component in the formation of mollusc and avian shells. The observation that both calcite and aragonite may be formed in biogenic cal cium carbonate raises important questions as to what factors control the formation of the final mineral phase. There is little doubt that thermodynamically less...
normal and pathological mineralization in vertebrates but also with the interesting problems involved in the formation of in tracellular deposits of c...
5) To what extent do events occurring during regeneration re semble those seen in development? Questions like these remain open, particularly in relation to the mammalian central nervous system and to the effects of lesions or disease. The first chapters of this volume are concerned primarily with normal and abnormal development of the nervous system. New concepts have emerged over the past few years as a result of experiments made on the development of the higher nervous system in mammals. Thus, the principles of cell death, competition, selective retraction of specific processes, and the...
5) To what extent do events occurring during regeneration re semble those seen in development? Questions like these remain open, particularly in relat...
for the design of control programs; in extreme cases (as dis cussed below, by Fine et al., this volume, and elsewhere) it can happen that immunization programs, although they protect vaccinated individuals, actually increase the overall incidence of a particular disease. The possibility that many nonhuman animal populations may be regulated by parasitic infections is another topic where it may be argued that conventional disciplinary boundaries have retarded investigation. While much ecological research has been devoted to exploring the extent to which competition or predator-prey...
for the design of control programs; in extreme cases (as dis cussed below, by Fine et al., this volume, and elsewhere) it can happen that immunization...
3 and a fraction mayor may not respond to treatment. On the behavioral level, animal research shows that a variety of experimental conditions can induce de pression. The same is true in the field of treatment, where pharmacologically highly different drugs can equally alleviate depression in animals and hu mans. The question as to whether this is due to a heterogeneity of depressive subjects based on different pathogenetic mechanisms is open to discussion. We can look for common features of all possible causal factors in the hope of finding a single basic mechanism. Many divergent findings...
3 and a fraction mayor may not respond to treatment. On the behavioral level, animal research shows that a variety of experimental conditions can indu...
they belong. Do communities have rights, indeed even an existence, which are not merely the hypostasis of the individual rights and existences collected in them? This conflict is then more striking as it was a conscious decision of the or ganizers of the workshop to focus attention on what might broadly be called liberal democracies: those societies which share a commitment to the princi ples of democratic participation, to the right of equal concern and respect of all members of the community, and to the basic liberties of association, ex pression, and thought. Ours was not the smug premise,...
they belong. Do communities have rights, indeed even an existence, which are not merely the hypostasis of the individual rights and existences collect...
of metal interactions with subcellular biochemical systems usually either are metabolites of the system affected (porphyrinurias) or represent some specific function of a cellular system being impaired (proteinurias). One typically finds a continuum of symptoms, from the subtle or so-called "no effect" bio chemical and physiological indicators of exposure to severe clinical disease and death. This continuum is the basis of much of the controversy since many health officials follow the traditional practice of applying the "threshold health-effect" concept in evaluating the problems of...
of metal interactions with subcellular biochemical systems usually either are metabolites of the system affected (porphyrinurias) or represent some sp...
and how the known vertebrate homologues of these genes are expressed normally in differentiation and proliferation pathways as well as abnormal ly in well-defined lymphomagenic and other oncogenic pathways. What emerged from this meeting are a better understanding of the evolution of these gene systems themselves and an elucidation of simpler systems open to more rapid genetic and molecular genetic analysis to reveal the normal functions of these genes and their gene products. Thus we sought new answers to several old questions concerning differenti ation, proliferation, and neoplastic...
and how the known vertebrate homologues of these genes are expressed normally in differentiation and proliferation pathways as well as abnormal ly in ...