Soon after 1900 in both North America and Europe the evolution from the tradition of Mediterranean and Gallic architectural styles to modernism began. This phenomenon was due, in part, to American industrial architecture and the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright's building and architectural treatises of 1898-1908, with the additional help of Dutch propaganda on his behalf, significantly influenced European practitioners and theorists. European architecture within and outside of Holland reflects an adaptation of Wright's theories along with the structural determinism of American industrial...

Regardless of their expatriate residence, 19th- and 20th-century American artists have viewed their destinies as linked inextricably to that of the United States. Antithetical to progressive democratic ideals has been the embedded class structure found by expatriate artists in European and Latin American communities, and as such, new interpretive approaches to public and private issues such as society reform and racial and ethnic equality provided the crucible for many American artists. In this way, American expatriate artists have been cultural arbiters between various histories and...

A historical perspective on current issues, such as gender and class, is applied to art education and rendered through the study of two specific institutions, the Female School of Design in London and the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. Sweeping generalizations are avoided as women's history, intertwined with men's, unfolds in two cities on opposite continents. Women's struggles against male domination and prejudice to define for themselves art education for "work" provides the common theme uniting the social issues explored. Through this unique examination of the relationship...