Regardless of their expatriate residence, 19th- and 20th-century American artists have viewed their destinies as linked inextricably to that of the United States. Antithetical to progressive democratic ideals has been the embedded class structure found by expatriate artists in European and Latin American communities, and as such, new interpretive approaches to public and private issues such as society reform and racial and ethnic equality provided the crucible for many American artists. In this way, American expatriate artists have been cultural arbiters between various histories and...