The study of heat transfer mechanisms in hydrothermal systems is important for understanding the basic physics behind orebody formation and mineralization in the upper crust (Bickle and Mckenzie 1987; Bjorlykke et al. 1988; Brady 1988; England and Thompson 1989; Hoisch 1991; Connolly 1997). Generally, heat energy may be transferred within the crust in the following forms: conduction, advection (including forced convection) where the heat is carried by a moving mass of rock during def- mation or by a moving uid, convection (i. e., free convection, natural convection, buoyancy driven...

This book collects all material developed by the Geomathematics Group, TU Kaiserslautern, during the few last years to set up a theory of spherical functions of mathematical (geo-)physics. The work shows a twofold transition: first, the natural transition from the scalar to the vectorial and tensorial theory of spherical harmonics is given in coordinate-free representation, based on new variants of the addition theorem and the Funk-Hecke formulas. Second, the canonical transition from spherical harmonics via zonal (kernel) functions to the Dirac kernel is presented in close orientation to an...

"It came from nowhere, snapping giant ships in two. No one believed the survivors . . . until now" --New Scientist magazine cover, June 30, 2001 Rogue waves are the focus of this book. They are among the waves naturally - served by people on the sea surface that represent an inseparable feature of the Ocean. Rogue waves appear from nowhere, cause danger, and disappear at once. They may occur on the surface of a relatively calm sea and not reach very high amplitudes, but still be fatal for ships and crew due to their unexpectedness and abnormal features. Seamen are known to be unsurpassed...

Earth's magnetic field is currently changing dramatically. Is the observed decrease of the dipole moment indicating a future polarity transition? What would be the effects of such a drastic change on system Earth? Can any positive or negative effects on our biosphere or even humans be expected?

This book gives a first overview about the geomagnetic field in general and serves as an introduction into geomagnetism. As the topic of the book covers a wide range of scientific disciplines, the first chapter summarises basic principles of geomagnetism and related fields including a...

Effective and ef cient modelling of in nite media is important for the production of accurate and useful solutions for many scienti c and engineering problems invo- ing in nite domains (Bettess 1977, 1980; Chow and Smith 1981; Medina and Taylor 1983; Zhang and Zhao 1987; Zhao et al. 1989; Zhao and Valliappan 1993a, b, c, d; Astley 1996, 1998; Yang et al. 1996; Yang and Huang 2001; Yun et al. 2000, 2007; Wang et al. 2006). Some typical examples involving in nite domains are as follows: (1) earthquake wave propagation within the upper crust of the Earth in the elds of geophysics and seismology;...

Gradually-varied flow (GVF) is a steady non-uniform flow in an open channel with gradual changes in its water surface elevation. The evaluation of GVF profiles under a specific flow discharge is very important in hydraulic engineering. This book proposes a novel approach to analytically solve the GVF profiles by using the direct integration and Gaussian hypergeometric function. Both normal-depth- and critical-depth-based dimensionless GVF profiles are presented. The novel approach has laid the foundation to compute at one sweep the GVF profiles in a series of sustaining and adverse channels,...

Extensions capture thermal and seismic activations, limitations occur due to localizations and skeleton decay.Attractors in the large characterize boundary value problems from model tests via geotechnical operations up to tectonic evolutions.

This book presents state-of-the-art theory and the application of dynamic and transient infinite elements for simulating the far fields of infinite domains involved in many of scientific and engineering problems.

This book describes methods of investigation for processes taking place in real lakes, as components of the geophysical environment. Covers numerical modeling, observation and experimental procedures, and the dynamics of lake water as a particle-laden fluid.

This book shows how to solve GVF profiles using direct integration and Gaussian hypergeometric function. Lays groundwork for computing at one sweep the GVF profiles in a series of sustaining and adverse channels, which may have horizontal slopes between them.