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This work describes a study of the mechanism and corrosion rate of steel bars in concrete in seawater. It focused on influences of concrete crack width on macrocell effect and, on corrosion rate determined using a polarisation curve model. Experimental results are compared for corrosion behaviours of steel bars in two concretes. A mechanism is proposed to interpret the different influences, in the short and long term, of crack width on the macrocell effect. A test procedure is used to obtain polarisation curves of steel in concrete and these curves are found very different to those...

Thereare richtheories and designs for generalcontrolsystems, but usually, they will not lead to PID controllers. Noting that the PID controller has been the most popular one in industry for over ?fty years, we will con?ne our discussion hereto PIDcontrolonly. PID controlhasbeenanimportantresearchtopicsince 1950's, and causes remarkable activities for the last two decades. Most of the existing works have been on the single variable PID control and its theory and design are well established, understood and practically applied. However, most industrial processes are of multivariable nature. It...