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In Chakwal, highy turbidity rainwater runoff and streamflows are collected in Khokhar Zar Dam to be used for water supply. Slow sand filtration (SSF) is a low-cost technology for treating raw water with turbidity below 50 NTU. Objectives of the work reported here include: study of current treatment process and highlight problems related to quality management, design and construct a pilot scale upflow roughing filter plant and to determine the optimum coagulant dose for in-line roughing filtration. The pilot plant constructed could reduce raw water turbidity from 450 NTU (Avg) to 2-10 NTU...

Water assets in several regions and countries around the globe are expected to face unparalleled demands in coming decades because of ongoing population growth along with wrinkled distributions associated with population along with water. Using a worldwide basis, crop irrigation is utilizing 70% of freshwater resources, while 20% and 10% is being used for industrial operations and household purposes respectively. Wastewater reclamation and reuse practices must be adopted to deal with the situations. For this purpose, small and medium scale industries may play a vital role.