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Analysis of large deformation, rigid body movement and strain or stress for discontinuous materials is often required for project designs and plans in the fields of engineering and disaster prevention. Many numerical simulation and analysis methods have been developed for the requirement from science and technology people since 1970s. Among them, Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA), Numerical Manifold Method (NMM), Key Block Theory (KB), Distinct/Discrete Element Methods (DEM), Moving Particles Semi-implicit Method (MPS) and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method (SPH) are typical...

Rocks and soils can behave as discontinuous materials, both physically and mechanically, and for such discontinuous nature and behaviour there remain challenges in numerical modelling methods and techniques. Some of the main discontinuum based numerical methods, for example the distinct element method (DEM) and the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), are associated with geomechanics and geoengineering. Discontinuous numerical methods have been widely applied in geoengineering related to civil, mining, hydropower and petroleum engineering. There are many good examples of the use of...