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Laser photoionization spectroscopy is based on the resonance ionization of atoms and molecules as a result of successive absorption of several laser photons. Photoionization cross sections have number of utilities in the applied areas of science and technology such as space and astrophysics, radiation protections, laser designing and interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The atoms whose ionization potentials are much higher can be ionized by two-photon and multi-step excitation. The absolute photoionization cross sections of the excited states of lithium, sodium and potassium...

Pyranometers (from the Greek word for fire) were designed specifically for measuring isolation. Isolation is the solar flux density i.e. was measured in watt/square meter. A digital pyronometer is an instrument which is used to measure the total of the solar radiation at the surface of the earth .Hare we introduce a series of argument on the mechanics of exchanges and thermal balance. Moreover with this instrument, a quantitative study of the solar energy is made possible