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The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway consists of ubiquitin, substrate proteins, E1 enzymes, E2 enzymes, E3 enzymes, and proteasome, which acts in a series of enzymatic reaction chains to ubiquitinate substrate proteins such as surplus and misfolded proteins for degradation by the proteasome to maintain the balance between protein synthesis and degradation in a cell and tissue. Moreover, deubiquitinating enzymes can remove the attached ubiquitin chain, which results in a reverse ubiquitination-deubiquitination process involved in multiple biological processes in a cell and tissue. The changes of...

This book presents the new advances and new perspectives of personalized medicine, emphasizing personalized, predictive medicine, personalized preventive medicine, personalized therapy, and personalized diagnosis/prognostic assessment. The research and practice of multiomics-based pattern biomarkers will significantly contribute to personalized medicine, including deeply addressing the accurate molecular mechanism, stratifying the patients, discovering effective biomarkers, and determining the effective therapeutic targets/drugs for patients to significantly benefit the patients and their...