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In the last few years, the public enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC has been thoroughly transformed. The competition authorities of the EU Member States have become active enforcers within the European Competition Network. The European Commission has imposed more and higher fines than ever before. Leniency has become a major instrument of cartel detection. Some Member States have introduced criminal penalties. The overall trend towards more and stronger enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC has also rekindled discussion on the old question of how to strike the right balance between...

After May 1 2004, the enforcement of European antitrust law entered a new era. At the same time as ten new Member States joined the European Union, Regulation No. 17, which had governed the enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 EC since 1962, was replaced by Regulation No. 1/2003, which has ushered in far-reaching changes. This book brings together six essays which analyze the background and main characteristics of the new enforcement system, as well as a number of outstanding questions and potential areas of further reform, including the question whether private antitrust enforcement should be...