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This major reassessment of the work of Emile Durkheim is presented in the context of a French philosophical tradition that seriously misread Kant by interpreting his theory of the categories as psychological faculties. Durkheim's sociological theory of the categories, as revealed by Warren Schmaus, is an attempt to provide an alternative way of understanding Kant. The categories are necessary conditions for human society for Durkheim. The concepts of causality, space and time support the moral rules and obligations that make society possible.

French philosopher Charles Renouvier played an influential role in reviving philosophy in France after it was proscribed during the Second Empire. Drawn to the ideals of the French Revolution, Renouvier came to recognize that the free will and civil liberties he supported were essential to the pursuit of science, contrary to the ideologies of positivists and socialists who would restrict liberty in the name of science. He struggled against monarchy and religious authority in the period up through 1848 and defended a liberal, secular form of political organization at a critical turning point...

This major reassessment of the work of Emile Durkheim is presented in the context of a French philosophical tradition that seriously misread Kant by interpreting his theory of the categories as psychological faculties. Durkheim's sociological theory of the categories, as revealed by Warren Schmaus, is an attempt to provide an alternative way of understanding Kant. The categories are necessary conditions for human society for Durkheim. The concepts of causality, space and time support the moral rules and obligations that make society possible.