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Known for developing the concept of Mullerian mimicry, whereby poisonous species with a common predator display similar warning signals, the naturalist Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Muller (1821-97) spent most of his working life in Brazil. Having emigrated from Germany, owing partly to his radical atheism, he became a strong early supporter of Darwinism. Drawing on his studies of crustaceans, he originally published this work in German as Fur Darwin (1864), and sent the great naturalist a copy. Muller became a regular correspondent, and Darwin supported the translation of Muller's work,...

Eneas Sweetland (E. S.) Dallas (1828 1879) was a journalist who worked for The Times among other publications and whose interest in psychology and love of poetry led to his writing the two-volume though he originally intended four The Gay Science, published in 1866. The work takes its title from an expression used by Provencal troubadours to describe the art of composing poetry, and the volumes are concerned with the unclear and often shifting boundaries between art and science and whether they can be reconciled. Volume 1 examines the wider issue of the practice of artistic criticism itself,...

Eneas Sweetland (E. S.) Dallas (1828 1879) was a journalist who worked for The Times among other publications and whose interest in psychology and love of poetry led to his writing the two-volume though he originally intended four The Gay Science, published in 1866. The work takes its title from an expression used by Provencal troubadours to describe the art of composing poetry, and the volumes are concerned with the unclear and often shifting boundaries between art and science and whether they can be reconciled. Volume 2 considers this question in relation to pleasure: what it is, the...

The author of this life of Erasmus Darwin, published in 1879, is given as Ernst Krause (1839 1903) a German biologist, but in fact more than half the book is a 'preliminary notice' by Charles Darwin, who explains in the preface that he has written it because of his access to family papers which add 'to the knowledge of Erasmus Darwin's character'. Krause wrote his original article in a German periodical because, in turn, he was intrigued by a reference made by Charles Darwin in the later editions of On the Origin of Species to his grandfather's anticipation in his Zoonomia (also reissued in...