Hydrogeology: Principles and Practice

ISBN-13: 9781119569534 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 768 str.

Kevin M. Hiscock; V. F. Bense; Victor F. Bense

Spis treści

List of colour plates xiList of boxes xivPreface to the third edition xviPreface to the second edition xviPreface to the first edition xviiAcknowledgements xviiiSymbols and abbreviations xixAbout the companion website xxiii1. Introduction 11.1 Scope of this book1.2 What is hydrogeology?1.3 Early examples of groundwater exploitation1.4 History of hydrogeology1.5 The water cycle1.5.1 Groundwater occurrence in the upper continental crust1.5.2 Groundwater-related tipping points1.5.3 Groundwater discharge to the oceans1.5.4 Global groundwater material and elemental fluxes1.5.5 Human influence on the water cycle1.6 Global groundwater resources1.6.1 Global groundwater abstraction1.6.2 Global groundwater depletion and sea level rise1.7 Groundwater resources in developed countries1.7.1 Groundwater abstraction in the United Kingdom1.7.1.1 Management and protection of groundwater resources in the United Kingdom1.7.2 Groundwater abstraction in Europe1.7.2.1 European Union Water Framework Directive1.7.3 Groundwater abstraction in North America1.7.3.1 Management and protection of groundwater resources in the United States1.7.4 Groundwater abstraction in China1.8 Groundwater resources in developing countriesFurther readingReferences2. Physical hydrogeology2.1 Introduction2.2 Porosity2.3 Hydraulic conductivity2.4 Isotropy and homogeneity2.5 Aquifers, aquitards and aquicludes2.6 Darcy's Law2.6.1 Hydraulic properties of fractured rocks2.6.2 Karst aquifer properties2.6.3 Sinkholes and land subsidence2.7 Groundwater potential and hydraulic head2.8 Interpretation of hydraulic head and groundwater conditions2.8.1 Groundwater flow direction2.8.2 Water table and potentiometric surface maps2.8.3 Types of groundwater conditions2.9 Transmissivity and storativity of confined aquifers2.9.1 Release of water from confined aquifers2.10 Transmissivity and specific yield of unconfined aquifers2.11 Equations of groundwater flow2.11.1 Steady-state saturated flow2.11.2 Transient saturated flow2.11.3 Transient unsaturated flow2.12 Analytical solution of one-dimensional groundwater flow problems2.13 Groundwater flow patterns2.14 Classification of springs and intermittent streams2.15 Transboundary aquifer systems2.16 Submarine groundwater discharge2.17 Groundwater resources of the world2.18 Hydrogeological environments of the United Kingdom2.18.1 Sedimentary rocks2.18.2 Metamorphic rocks2.18.3 Igneous rocksFurther readingReferences3. Groundwater and geological processes3.1 Introduction3.2 Geological processes driving fluid flow3.3 Topography-driven flow in the context of geological processes3.4 Compaction-driven fluid flow3.5 Variable-density driven fluid flow3.5.1 Salinity gradients leading to variable-density flow3.5.2 Hydrothermal systems driven by variable-density flow3.6 Regional groundwater flow systems driven predominantly by variable-density flow3.6.1 Fluctuating sea-level and its impact on the distribution of groundwater salinity in coastal areas3.6.2 Brines in continental aquifers3.7 Regional groundwater flow systems driven predominantly by shifting topography and stress changes3.7.1 Mountain building and erosion3.7.2 Impact of glaciations on regional hydrogeology3.8 Coupling and relative importance of processes driving fluid flowFurther readingReferences4. Chemical hydrogeology4.1 Introduction4.2 Properties of water4.3 Chemical composition of groundwater4.4 Sequence of hydrochemical evolution of groundwater4.5 Groundwater sampling and graphical presentation of hydrochemical data4.6 Concept of chemical equilibrium4.6.1 Kinetic approach to chemical equilibrium4.6.2 Energetic approach to chemical equilibrium4.7 Carbonate chemistry of groundwater4.8 Adsorption and ion exchange4.9 Redox chemistry, 1724.10 Groundwater in crystalline rocks4.11 Geochemical modellingFurther readingReferences5. Environmental isotope hydrogeology5.1 Introduction5.2 Stable isotope chemistry and nomenclature5.3 Stable isotopes of water5.4 Stable isotopes of nitrogen and sulfur5.4.1 Nitrogen stable isotopes5.4.2 Sulphur stable isotopes5.5 Age dating of groundwater5.5.1 Law of radioactive decay5.5.2 14C dating5.5.3 36Cl dating5.5.4 Tritium dating5.5.5 3H/3He dating5.6 Noble gasesFurther readingReferences6. Groundwater and catchment processes6.1 Introduction6.2 Water balance equation6.3 Precipitation and evapotranspiration6.3.1 Precipitation measurement6.3.2 Evapotranspiration measurement and estimation6.4 Soil water and infiltration6.4.1 Soil moisture content and soil water potential6.4.2 Calculation of drainage and evaporation losses6.4.3 Infiltration theory and measurement6.5 Recharge estimation6.5.1 Borehole hydrograph method6.5.2 Soil moisture budget method6.5.3 Chloride budget method6.5.4 Temperature profile methods6.6 Stream gauging techniques6.6.1 Velocity area methods6.6.1.1 Surface floats6.6.1.2 Current metering6.6.1.3 Acoustic Doppler current profiler6.6.2 Dilution gauging6.6.3 Ultrasonic, electromagnetic and integrating float methods6.6.4 Slope-area method6.6.5 Weirs and flumes6.7 Hydrograph analysis6.7.1 Quickflow and baseflow separation6.7.2 Unit hydrograph theory6.8 Surface water - groundwater interaction6.8.1 Temperature-based methods of detection6.8.2 Simulating river flow depletion6.8.2.1 Analytical solutions6.8.2.2 Catchment resource modelling6.8.2.3 Global-scale surface water-groundwater modellingFurther readingReferences7. Groundwater investigation techniques7.1 Introduction7.2 Measurement and interpretation of groundwater level data7.2.1 Water level measurement7.2.2 Well and borehole design and construction methods7.2.3 Borehole hydrographs and barometric efficiency7.2.3.1 Groundwater level fluctuations in the Bengal Basin Aquifer7.2.4 Construction of groundwater level contour maps7.3 Field estimation of aquifer properties7.3.1 Piezometer tests7.3.2 Pumping tests7.3.2.1 Thiem equilibrium method7.3.2.2 Theis non-equilibrium method7.3.2.3 Cooper-Jacob straight-line method7.3.2.4 Recovery test method7.3.2.5 Principle of superposition of drawdown7.3.2.6 Leaky, unconfined and bounded aquifer systems7.3.3 Tracer tests7.3.4 Downhole geophysical techniques7.3.4.1 Examples of downhole geophysical logging7.3.5 Surface geophysical techniques7.3.5.1 Seismic refraction survey method7.3.5.2 Electrical resistivity survey method7.3.5.3 Electromagnetic survey method7.3.5.4 Gravity survey method7.3.5.5 Examples of surface geophysical surveying7.4 Remote sensing methods7.5 Groundwater modellingFurther readingReferences8. Groundwater quality and contaminant hydrogeology8.1 Introduction8.2 Water quality standards8.2.1 Water hardness8.2.2 Irrigation water quality8.3 Transport of contaminants in groundwater8.3.1 Transport of non-reactive dissolved contaminants8.3.1.1 One-dimensional solute transport equation8.3.2 Transport of reactive dissolved contaminants8.3.3 Transport of non-aqueous phase liquids8.3.3.1 Hydrophobic sorption of non-polar organic compounds8.3.4 Effects of density and heterogeneity8.4 Sources of groundwater contamination8.4.1 Urban and industrial contaminants8.4.2 Municipal landfill wastes8.4.3 Faecal, domestic and cemetery wastes8.4.4 Microplastic contamination8.4.5 Agricultural contaminants8.4.6 Saline water intrusion in coastal aquifers8.4.7 Saline water intrusion on small oceanic islandsFurther readingReferences9. Groundwater pollution remediation and protection9.1 Introduction9.2 Groundwater pollution remediation techniques9.2.1 Pump-and-treat9.2.2 Permeable reactive barriers9.2.3 Monitored natural attenuation9.3 Groundwater pollution protection strategies in developed countries9.3.1 Groundwater vulnerability mapping and aquifer resource protection9.3.2 Source protection zones9.3.3 Risk assessment methods9.3.4 Groundwater vulnerability assessment and mapping for the protection of carbonate (karstic) aquifers9.3.5 Spatial planning and groundwater protection9.4 Groundwater protection strategies in developing countriesFurther readingReferences10. Groundwater resources, governance and management10.1 Introduction10.2 Groundwater resources schemes10.2.1 Large-scale groundwater development schemes10.2.2 Regional-scale groundwater development schemes10.2.3 Managed aquifer recharge10.2.3.1 Artificial storage and recovery schemes10.2.3.2 Riverbank filtration schemes10.2.4 Horizontal well schemes10.3 Wetland hydrogeology10.3.1 Impacts of groundwater exploitation on wetlands10.3.2 Hydrogeology of dune slacks10.4 Climate change and groundwater resources10.4.1 Groundwater response time to climate change10.4.2 Groundwater pumping and greenhouse gas emissions10.4.3 Impact of climate change on cold-region hydrogeology10.4.4 Adaptation to climate change10.5 Groundwater and energy resources10.5.1 Geothermal energy10.5.2 Groundwater source heat pumps10.5.3 Groundwater and shale gas exploration10.6 Future challenges for groundwater governance and managementFurther readingReferencesAppendices1. Conversion factors2. Properties of water in the range 0-100°C3. The geological timescale4. Symbols, atomic numbers and atomic weights5. Composition of seawater and rainwaterReferences6. Values of W(u) for various values of u7. Values of q/Q and v/Qt corresponding to selected values of t/F for use in computing the rate and volume of stream depletion by wells and boreholes8. Complementary error function9. Drinking water quality standards and Lists I and II Substances10. Review questions and exercisesReferencesIndex

O autorze

Kevin M. Hiscock is a Professor in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia, U.K. He has over 35 years' experience in teaching and research in hydrogeology, with interdisciplinary interests in hydrochemistry, environmental isotopes and the impacts of land use and climate change on groundwater resources and nutrient fluxes at regional and global scales.Victor F. Bense is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands. He has over 20 years' experience in teaching and research in hydrogeology, with specialist interests in the impact of shallow fault zones in unconsolidated sediments on groundwater flow and the hydrogeology of cold regions under changing climate.