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The eco-friendly solvent-free approach using microwave irradiation opens numerous possibilities for conducting rapid heterocyclic synthesis, via cycloaddition and cyclocondensation reactions, using a variety of supported reagents on mineral oxides and phase transfer catalysis conditions. The absence of solvent reduces considerably the reaction time and generally improves the yields. Due to the wide range of applications of microwaves, this method of synthesis has been selected. Pyrazolines are also known to possess antioxidant property wherein they scavenge free radicals which are one of the...

Organization development (OD) is a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's relevance and viability. Vasudevan has referred to OD as, future readiness to meet change, thus a systemic learning and development strategy intended to change the basics of beliefs, attitudes and relevance of values, and structure of the current organization to better absorb disruptive technologies, shrinking or exploding market opportunities and ensuing challenges and chaos. OD is the framework for a change process designed to lead to desirable positive impact to all stakeholders and the...

Mass Spectrometry is a technique that determines the molecular weight (mass) and elemental composition of a compound accurately. It records relative abundance (number of different kinds of ions) and mass/charge (m/e) ratio. An advantage of Mass Spectrometry is its ability to identify the unknown compounds using only pictogram (10-12) amounts. Because ions are very reactive and short-lived, their formation and manipulation must be conducted in a vacuum. Atmospheric pressure is around 760 torr (mm of mercury). The pressure under which ions may be handled is roughly 10-5 to 10-8 torr (less than...

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent (near-UV and near-infrared (NIR)) ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived color of the chemicals involved. In this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, molecules undergo electronic transitions. This technique is complementary to fluorescence spectroscopy, in that fluorescence deals with...