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The emergence, establishment and growth of tree seedlings face very heterogeneous situations in tropical dry forests (TDFs). The pronounced seasonality in soil moisture availability affects the patterns of seed production, germination, survival and seedling development in plants. Light conditions vary seasonally in understorey of these forests, thereby affecting the growth of species components growing there. The patchy distribution and pulsation of nutrient release in the nutrient poor soils of these forests further restricts the growth of plants spatially and temporally. The plants in TDFs,...

This book provides a basic understanding and state-of-the-art of urban metabolism.Urban centres are increasingly challenged by population increase and the resultant environmental concerns including the urban sprawl and climate change. Different patterns of urbanization contribute to the changing climate via. differences in their urban metabolism represented by energy and matter. Urban metabolic studies in terms of energy and material inflows, outflows, and stocks can be associated with traditional evaluation techniques to help assess the magnitude and potential effects of variety of...